The main effects of (top) dyadic mother–daughter negativity and (middle) adolescent peripheral serotonin on lifetime self-harm events in a sample of 41 adolescent girls. Negativity and peripheral serotonin accounted for 23 and 3% of the variance in self-harm, respectively. In contrast, (bottom) the conjoint effects of negativity and peripheral serotonin accounted for 64% of the variance in self-injury. From “Parent–Child Interactions, Peripheral Serotonin, and Self-Inflicted Injury in Adolescents,” by S. E. Crowell, T. P. Beauchaine, E. McCauley, C. J. Smith, C. A. Vasilev, and A. L. Stevens, 2008, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Copyright 2008 by American Psychological Association. Adapted with permission.