TABLE 1.
Characteristics of avian serum samples used in this evaluation, including species of origin, viral inoculation treatment group, confirmed-infection status, and serologic assay results
| Order and vernacular name, species | Virus treatment (isolate[s])a | Sample sizeb | No. (%) of ELISA-positive samplesc/total no. of samples | Mean S/N ratio (range) | No. (%) of AGID test-positive samples/total no. of samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anseriformes | |||||
| Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos | HPAI (A, B, C) | 7 | 5/7 (71) | 0.33 (0.13-0.67) | 3/7 (43) |
| LPAI (L, M, N) | 52 | 48/52 (92) | 0.26 (0.08-0.81) | 47/52 (90) | |
| Sham | 29 | 0/29 (0) | 0.84 (0.58-1.10) | 0/29 (0) | |
| Pekin duck, Anas platyrhynchos | HPAI (G, H) | 11 | 11/11 (100) | 0.19 (0.13-0.26) | 11/11 (100) |
| LPAI (I, J) | 22 | 16/22 (73) | 0.41 (0.19-0.89) | 0/22 (0) | |
| Sham | 8 | 0/8 (0) | 0.91 (0.80-1.00) | 0/8 (0) | |
| Blue-winged teal, Anas discors | HPAI (A) | 2 | 2/2 (100) | 0.24 (0.08-0.40) | 1/2 (50) |
| Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 0.61 | 0/1 (0) | |
| Northern pintail, Anas acuta | HPAI (A) | 1 | 1/1 (100) | 0.29 | 0/1 (0) |
| Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 0.76 | 0/1 (0) | |
| Chiloe wigeon, Anas sibilatrix | Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 0.58 | 0/1 (0) |
| Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera | HPAI (D) | 3 | 3/3 (100) | 0.24 (0.14-0.41) | 2/3 (67) |
| LPAI (E) | 3 | 3/3 (100) | 0.31 (0.19-0.44) | 3/3 (100) | |
| Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 0.92 (0.87-0.97) | 0/2 (0) | |
| Redhead, Aythya americana | HPAI (A, B) | 4 | 4/4 (100) | 0.12 (0.06-0.20) | 3/4 (75) |
| LPAI (L, M, N) | 12 | 7/12 (58) | 0.47 (0.17-1.05) | 7/12 (58) | |
| Sham | 5 | 0/5 (0) | 0.97 (0.82-1.24) | 0/5 (0) | |
| Wood duck, Aix sponsa | HPAI (A) | 5 | 5/5 (100) | 0.12 (0.05-0.21) | 5/5 (100) |
| LPAI (L, M, N) | 9 | 7/9 (78) | 0.40 (0.10-0.70) | 7/9 (78) | |
| Sham | 13 | 0/13 (0) | 1.05 (0.81-1.17) | 0/13 (0) | |
| Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata | HPAI (C) | 2 | 2/2 (100) | 0.19 (0.11-0.27) | 2/2 (100) |
| Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 0.95 (0.95-0.96) | 0/2 (0) | |
| Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea | Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 0.98 (0.93-1.03) | 0/2 (0) |
| Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii | HPAI (A) | 1 | 1/1 (100) | 0.17 | 1/1 (100) |
| Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 0.95 (0.94-0.97) | 0/2 (0) | |
| Bar-headed goose, Anser indicus | HPAI (A) | 3 | 3/3 (100) | 0.20 (0.17-0.24) | 3/3 (100) |
| Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 1.41 (0.95-1.88) | 0/2 (0) | |
| Greylag goose, Anser anser | HPAI (C) | 3 | 3/3 (100) | 0.15 (0.13-0.17) | 3/3 (100) |
| Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 0.92 | 0/1 (0) | |
| Chinese goose, Anser cygnoides | LPAI (I, J, K) | 10 | 3/10 (30) | 0.62 (0.41-0.90) | 0/10 (0) |
| Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus | Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 1.14 | 0/1 (0) |
| Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator | Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 1.18 | 0/1 (0) |
| Mute swan, Cygnus olor | Sham | 3 | 0/3 (0) | 0.87 (0.86-0.88) | 0/3 (0) |
| Black swan, Cygnus atratus | Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 1.10 | 0/1 (0) |
| Charadriiformes | |||||
| Herring gull, Larus argentatus | HPAI (A, B) | 4 | 4/4 (100) | 0.23 (0.20-0.30) | 4/4 (100) |
| Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 1.08 | 0/1 (0) | |
| Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla | HPAI (A) | 2 | 2/2 (100) | 0.23 (0.19-0.27) | 2/2 (100) |
| LPAI (L, M, N) | 10 | 7/10 (70) | 0.50 (0.25-1.17) | 9/10 (90) | |
| Sham | 9 | 0/9 (0) | 0.92 (0.80-1.17) | 0/9 (0) | |
| Galliformes | |||||
| Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus | Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) | 0/2 (0) |
| Chukar partridge, Alectoris chukar | HPAI (F) | 1 | 1/1 (100) | 0.13 | 1/1 (100) |
| Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 0.90 | 0/1 (0) | |
| Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica | LPAI (I, K) | 4 | 1/4 (25) | 0.77 (0.48-0.95) | 1/4 (25) |
| Passeriformes | |||||
| Zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata | Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 1.36 (0.95-1.77) | 0/2 (0) |
| House finch, Carpodacus mexicanus | Sham | 1 | 0/1 (0) | 1.60 | 0/1 (0) |
| House sparrow, Passer domesticus | HPAI (A) | 2 | 2/2 (100) | 0.13 (0.11-0.15) | 2/2 (100) |
| Sham | 5 | 0/5 (0) | 1.20 (0.86-1.73) | 0/5 (0) | |
| European starling, Sturnus vulgaris | Sham | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 1.95 (1.70-2.21) | 0/2 (0) |
| Columbiformes | |||||
| Rock pigeon, Columba livia | HPAI (A) | 5 | 5/5 (100) | 0.29 (0.20-0.44) | 3/5 (60) |
| Sham | 5 | 0/5 (0) | 1.00 (0.86-1.09) | 0/5 (0) |
Virus isolates used were as follows: A, A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1); B, A/duck meat/Anyang/AVL-1/01 (H5N1); C, A/chicken/South Korea/IS/06 (H5N1); D, A/chicken/Chile/184240-1/02 (H7N3); E, A/chicken/Chile/176822/02 (H7N3); F, A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/1997 (H5N1); G, A/egret/Hong Kong/757.2/02 (H5N1); H, A/human/Prachinburi/6231/04 (H5N1); I, A/chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8); J, A/mallard/Ohio/338/86 (H4N8); K, A/mallard/Ohio/184/86 (H5N1); L, A/mallard/Minnesota/199106/99 (H3N8); M, A/mallard/Minnesota/355779/00 (H5N2); and N, A/mallard/Minnesota/182761/98 (H7N3).
Sample sizes for HPAI and LPAI virus treatment groups refer to the numbers of birds that met our criteria for confirmed-infected birds. Confirmed-infection status was based on the detection of oropharyngeal viral shedding on or after 2 dpi or fecal shedding at any time. Sample sizes for the sham treatment groups refer to the number of sham-inoculated birds for each species.
bELISA positive based on the manufacturer's diagnostic cutoff of an S/N value of <0.50.