Table 2.
Estimates of the Effect of Dichotomous Cumulative Morbidity/Comorbidity Indices Measured in Twins on Longevity (Measured in Years) of the Same Twins as Well as on Longevity of Co-Twins
| Male Participants |
Female Participants |
||||||||||
| Index | Procedure | N0 | Y0 | N1 | Y1 | Y0-Y1 | N0 | Y0 | N1 | Y1 | Y0-Y1 |
| CMIM17 | Twin | 355 | 85.7 | 786 | 83.4 | 2.3*** | 432 | 88.1 | 1,301 | 85.8 | 2.3*** |
| Co-Twin | 402 | 84.4 | 828 | 82.4 | 2.0*** | 543 | 85.8 | 1,379 | 84.7 | 1.1*** | |
| CMIF10 | Twin | 485 | 85.0 | 657 | 83.6 | 1.4*** | 736 | 87.7 | 1,000 | 85.3 | 2.4*** |
| Co-Twin | 536 | 83.4 | 695 | 82.8 | 0.6 | 870 | 86.0 | 1,054 | 84.2 | 1.8*** | |
| CMICMF5 | Twin | 677 | 84.9 | 464 | 83.1 | 1.8*** | 940 | 87.4 | 793 | 85.1 | 2.3*** |
| Co-Twin | 739 | 83.6 | 491 | 82.2 | 1.4*** | 1,067 | 85.7 | 855 | 84.1 | 1.6*** | |
| CMIMS12 | Twin | 536 | 85.2 | 605 | 83.2 | 2.0*** | 682 | 87.0 | 1,050 | 85.9 | 1.1*** |
| Co-Twin | 599 | 83.9 | 631 | 82.2 | 1.7*** | 846 | 84.8 | 1,075 | 85.1 | −0.3 | |
| CMIFS5 | Twin | 709 | 84.5 | 433 | 83.6 | 0.9* | 1,231 | 86.9 | 505 | 84.9 | 2.0*** |
| Co-Twin | 798 | 82.9 | 433 | 83.3 | −0.4 | 1,425 | 85.4 | 499 | 83.8 | 1.6*** | |
| CMIM19 | Twin | 340 | 85.8 | 801 | 83.5 | 2.3*** | 362 | 87.8 | 1,371 | 85.9 | 1.9*** |
| Co-Twin | 387 | 84.5 | 843 | 82.4 | 2.1*** | 475 | 85.5 | 1,447 | 84.8 | 0.7* | |
| CMIM13 | Twin | 588 | 85.0 | 553 | 83.2 | 1.8*** | 745 | 87.0 | 987 | 85.8 | 1.2*** |
| Co-Twin | 668 | 83.6 | 562 | 82.3 | 1.3*** | 880 | 85.2 | 1,041 | 84.8 | 0.5 | |
| CMIF12 | Twin | 395 | 84.8 | 747 | 83.8 | 1.0** | 509 | 87.8 | 1,227 | 85.7 | 2.1*** |
| Co-Twin | 439 | 83.3 | 792 | 82.9 | 0.4 | 588 | 86.5 | 1,336 | 84.3 | 2.2*** | |
Notes: Twin = life span and health are measured in the same persons (control procedure); Co-Twin = health status is measured in twins, whereas life span is measured in Co-Twins (primary procedure). Co-Twin denotes a second twin in the pair. N0 = number of healthy twins (ie, twins having none of the selected traits); Y0 = mean life span of healthy twins (row “Twin”) or their Co-Twins (row “Co-Twin”). N1 = number of unhealthy twins (ie, twins having one or more of the selected traits); Y1 = mean life span of unhealthy twins (row “Twin”) or their Co-Twins (row “Co-Twin”). Note that the minus sign in the table means that unhealthy individuals live longer than healthy individuals. Sample sizes for healthy (N0) and unhealthy (N1) male and female twins or Co-Twins do not sum into the respective numbers for the combined samples of twins (eg, for CMIM17 N = 355 + 786 + 432 + 1,301 = 2,874 < N = 2,932) or Co-Twins (eg, for CMIM17 N = 402 + 828 + 543 + 1,379 = 3,152 < N = 3,209) because of missing data on health status. CMI = comorbidity index.
*0.01 < p ≤ .05; **0.001 < p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001; other results are insignificant.