Fig. 7.

The requirement for VCP accumulation in aggresomes. HEK293 cells transfected with VCP-GFP variants were exposed to 20 μM Cd²⁺ for 6 h. The cell images were obtained using inverted fluorescence microscopy. (A) HEK293 cells were transfected with the following VCP-GFP variants: WT(a); the variant lacking the N domain, (b) #207–806; N domain only, (c) #1–200; the D1 or D2 ATPase site-specific mutants, (d, e) A1, A2; the C-terminal deletion mutants (f) #1–779, (g) #1–785, (h) #1–796. (B) Quantification (%) of cells containing aggresomes. Results are presented as the percentage of aggresome-containing cells per 150 randomly counted cells from three independent experiments. (C) A schematic diagram indicating the capacity of VCP variants to bind HDAC6 and to promote aggresome formation.