Table 1.

Association of the presence of neuropathy and baseline characteristics.

HbA1c=hemoglobin A 1C, BMI=body mass index; HDLc=high density lipoprotein, LDLc=low density lipoprotein

Characteristic	Category	N	Neuropathy %	p-value
Age	< 50 years	195	35.4%	<0.001
	50-59 years	725	47.4%
	60-69 years	892	52.6%
	≥ 70 years	502	58.0%
Sex	Women	682	46.2%	0.005
	Men	1632	52.6%
Race/Ethnicity	White non Hispanic	1518	50.9%	0.026
	Black non Hispanic	392	55.4%
	Hispanic	293	47.4%
	Others	111	40.5%
HbA1c	< 7%	906	47.7%	0.021
	≥ 7%	1403	52.6%
Diabetes Duration	< 5 years	767	43.0%	<0.001
	5-9 years	541	51.9%
	10-14 years	401	57.1%
	≥ 15 years	595	55.5%
BMI	< 30 kg/m2	1014	49.2%	0.208
	≥ 30 kg/m2	1300	51.8%
History of Hypertension	No	401	42.6%	<.001
	Yes	1885	52.1%
Blood Pressure (mmHg) *	≤ 130/80	1097	50.1%	0.569
	> 130/80	1210	51.3%
Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio	≤ 30	1450	48.1%	<0.001
	> 30	697	57.2%
HDL (mg/dl) *	> 40 men/ > 50 women	558	47.8%	0.112
	≤ 40 men/ ≤ 50 women	1750	51.7%
LDL (mg/dl) *	< 100	1346	51.3%	0.498
	≥ 100	928	49.9%
Triglycerides (mg/dl) *	< 150	1165	50.3%	0.704
	≥ 150	1147	51.1%
Current Cigarette Use	No	2028	51.1%	0.287
	Yes	285	47.7%
Alcohol Consumption	Not regular	1696	51.9%	0.101
	Regular	376	46.0%
	Binge	242	49.2%

^*79% of patients were taking at least one kind of lipid lowering agent at baseline. 96% of patients took at least one kind of antihypertensive agent at baseline. Lipid lowering agents include statins, fibrates, niacin, bile acid sequestrants, omega-3 fatty acid, and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Antihypertensive agents include beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics.