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Working model for MBG-induced hyperpermeability and apoptosis signaling mechanisms in RLMEC. MBG downregulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation, inhibits proliferation and triggers endothelial hyperpermeability. The bufadienolide also activates Jnk and p38 leading to RLMEC apoptosis. Inhibition of ERK, p38, and pan caspase prevents endothelial hyperpermeability.
