Table 1.
Selected characteristics of study subjects
| No sludge or stones (n=443) | Sludge or stones (n=205) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 25.1 ± 4.8 | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 0.64 |
| Race (n, %) | 0.20 | ||
| White | 324 (72.3) | 148 (70.5) | |
| African-American | 53 (11.8) | 20 (9.5) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 26 (5.8) | 10 (4.8) | |
| Native American | 8 (1.8) | 2 (1.0) | |
| Other/mixed | 37 (8.3) | 30 (14.2) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity (n, %) | 39 (8.7) | 34 (16.2) | 0.004 |
| Parity (median, interquartile range) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.93 |
| Waist circumference at entry, cm (mean ± SD) | 86.2 ± 13.4 | 88.9 ± 14.7 | 0.02 |
| Waist-hip ratio at entry (mean ± SD) | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.52 |
| Weight gain during pregnancy, kg (mean ± SD) | 14.2 ± 5.9 | 12.7 ± 7.3 | 0.007 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 24.5 ± 5.0 | 26.9 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy (n, %) | 130 (29.0) | 48 (22.9) | 0.09 |
| MET-hours per week of vigorous physical activity, 2nd trimester (median, interquartile range) | 118 (62, 186) | 95 (44, 171) | 0.01 |
| MET-hours per week of vigorous physical activity, 3rd trimester (median, interquartiles range) | 102 (50, 164) | 99 (40, 172) | 0.26 |
| Gestational diabetes (n, %) | 8 (1.8) | 3 (1.4) | 0.88 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 237.2 ± 41.0 | 237.1 ± 41.8 | 0.97 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 66.1 ± 17.3 | 61.2 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 130.5 ± 39.6 | 131.9 ± 39.0 | 0.68 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 207.1 ± 83.0 | 217.0 ± 70.1 | 0.14 |
| Glucose, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 74.2 ± 8.6 | 75.4 ± 7.2 | 0.09 |
| Insulin, mU/L (median, interquartile range) | 16.2 (11.1, 23.4) | 20.1 (13.5, 28.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (median, interquartile range) | 2.93 (1.91, 4.33) | 3.69 (2.40, 5.48) | <0.001 |