Table 2.

Eight-year age-adjusted mobility disability incidence rates per 1,000 person years and corresponding age-adjusted hazard ratios

	Rate	95% CI	SE	HR (95% CI)
Non-Hispanic Black	148	125 – 172	0.012	1.15 (0.91 – 1.45)
Non-Hispanic White	130	119 – 142	0.006	Reference
Female	151	136 – 166	0.008	1.33 (1.13 – 1.55)**
Male	107	95 – 119	0.006	Reference
Below poverty	156	133 – 178	0.011	1.31 (1.08 – 1.59)**
Above poverty	120	108 – 131	0.006	Reference
Perceives neighborhood safety hazard due to crime	134	113 – 155	0.011	1.02 (0.83 – 1.25)
Does not perceive safety hazard	132	120 – 144	0.006	Reference
Lives in highest crime neighborhoods	146	122 – 170	0.012	1.16 (0.95 – 1.42)
Lower crime comparison neighborhoods	128	117 – 140	0.006	Reference
Multiple Co-morbid Conditions	171	149 – 193	0.011	1.59 (1.34 – 1.88)**
One or no Co-morbid Conditions	117	106 – 127	0.005	Reference
Obese	164	123 – 206	0.021	1.32 (1.02 – 1.70)*
Not obese	127	116 – 138	0.005	Reference
Depressed	174	140 – 208	0.017	1.37 (1.08 – 1.73)**
None or mild depressive symptoms	127	116 – 138	0.005	Reference
Cognitive Impairment	312	179 – 445	0.068	1.71 (1.15 – 2.54)**
No cognitive Impairment	130	119 – 140	0.005	Reference
Current smoker	147	124 – 170	0.012	1.27 (1.03 – 1.57)*
Former smoker	118	100 – 136	0.009	0.96 (0.79 – 1.16)
Never smoked	133	119 – 147	0.007	Reference
Walked "often" for exercise in past month	118	106 – 130	0.006	0.78 (0.64 – 0.95)*
"Sometimes" walked for exercise	142	120 – 165	0.012	Reference
"Never" walked for exercise	171	143 – 198	0.014	1.18 (0.92 – 1.52)
No alcohol use	151	134 – 168	0.009	Reference
Moderate alcohol intake	121	108 – 133	0.006	0.76 (0.65 – 0.90)**
Heavy alcohol intake	113	73 – 154	0.021	0.83 (0.56 – 1.22)
Moved from baseline residence during the eight year study period	168	150 – 187	0.009	1.41 (1.20 – 1.66)**
Did not move during study period	113	101 – 125	0.006	Reference
More than five years in baseline residence	125	114 – 137	0.006	0.73 (0.61 – 0.87)**
Five years or less in baseline residence	164	141 – 188	0.012	Reference

Table presents the incident cases of mobility disability per 1,000 person-years among participants at risk for a first mobility disability event between years 1982 and 1990. Rates are age-adjusted within decades (65–69 yrs, 70 – 79 yrs, 80 – 89 yrs, and 90 yrs and older). Standard errors (SE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are calculated in SUDAAN (log rates and standard errors are not shown). Age-adjusted univariate hazard ratios estimating risk of incident mobility disability over eight-years associated with each listed variable and reference group (not adjusted for other covariates) are calculated in proportional hazard models with discrete time intervals. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01