Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Performance in Bipolar Disorder (BD), At-risk, and Typically Developing Youths
| BD (N=37) | At-risk (N=25) | Typically Developing (N=36) | Analysis | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years: Mean ± SD | 14.16 ± 2.92 | 12.15 ± 3.05 | 14.34 ± 2.28 | F=5.47 | <.0.1 |
| Range | 8.84–18.77 | 7.01–17.56 | 9.47–18.72 | ||
| Sex (male): N (%) | 17/37 (45.9) | 18/25 (72.0) | 20/36 (55.6) | X2=4.12 | .13 |
| IQ: mean ± standard deviation | 108.41 ± 14.05 | 113.83 ± 12.15 | 115.61 ± 14.21 | F=2.51 | .09 |
| Mood State: N (%) | |||||
| Euthymic | 17/37 (45.9) | 25/25 (100) | -- | -- | -- |
| Depressed | 5/37 (13.5) | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| Hypomanic/manic/mixed | 15/37 (40.5) | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| Any Axis I Diagnosis1: N (%) | 37/37 (100) | 7/25 (28.0) | 0 | -- | -- |
| Bipolar Disorder I | 33/37 (89.2) | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| Any Anxiety Disorder | 15/37 (40.5) | 6/25 (24.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 10/37 (27.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder | 6/37 (16.2) | 4/25 (16.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Social Phobia | 4/37 (10.8) | 2/25 (8.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | 15/37 (40.5) | 3/25 (12.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder | 9/37 (24.3) | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| Conduct Disorder | 0 | 1/25 (4.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Medicated: N (%) | 28/37 (75.7) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Anticonvulsants: N (%) | 21/28 (75.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Atypical Antipsychotics: N (%) | 20/28 (71.4) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Lithium: N (%) | 13/28 (46.4) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Antidepressants: N (%) | 11/28 (39.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Stimulants: N (%) | 10/28 (35.7) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Anxiolytics: N (%) | 3/28 (10.7) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Performance on Emotional Expression Multimorph Task: mean ± standard error2 | |||||
| Number of morphs before first response: | 12.65 ± .73 | 13.38 ± .92 | 16.00 ± .74 | F=5.53 | .005 |
| Number of morphs before first correct response | 10.97 ± .64 | 12.12 ± .84 | 14.22 ± .64 | F=6.44 | .002 |
1
Axis I diagnoses not mutually exclusive.
2
Analysis covaried for age and IQ. Higher number of morphs indicates less intensity of facial expression needed before identification and therefore better performance.