. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2009 Apr 2;31(4):225–231. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.03.002

Table 3.

Estimated regression coefficients (SE) of Lead in IQ and school achievement from simple and multiple regression analyses

	Unadjusted b (SE)	Adjusted b (SE)
*4 year (n=278)*
Full Scale IQ¹	−.87 (.19)^****	−.50 (.20)^*
Verbal²	−.52 (.18)^**	−.20 (.19)
Performance³	−1.13 (.21)^****	−.74 (.22)^***
*9 year (n=273)*
Full Scale IQ⁴	−.69 (.19)^***	−.41 (.19)^*
Verbal comprehension⁵	−.63 (.18)^***	−.35 (.18)^↑
Perceptual reasoning⁶	−.72 (.20)^***	−.45 (.21)^*
Working memory⁷	−.50 (.20)^*	−.31 (.21)
Processing speed⁸	−.31 (.18)^↑	−.25 (.19)
WJTA Math⁹	−.50 (.18)^**	−.33 (.18)^↑
WJTA Reading¹⁰	−.78 (.22)^***	−.58 (.23)^*
*11 year (n=267)*
Full Scale IQ¹¹	−.73 (.19)^****	−.54 (.19)^**
Verbal comprehension¹²	−.70 (.17)^****	−.51 (.17)^**
Perceptual reasoning¹³	−.76 (.21)^***	−.61 (.20)^**
Working memory¹⁴	−.60 (.23)^**	−.43 (.24)^↑
Processing speed¹⁵	−.23 (.20)	−.24 (.20)
WJTA Math¹⁶	−.61 (.20)^**	−.45 (.20)^*
WJTA Reading¹⁷	−.75 (.20)^***	−.60 (.21)^**

Adjusted for Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) score, current caregiver’s Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) at 4 years, child sex, parity, maternal marital status, and head circumference at birth.

Adjusted for HOME score, child sex, parity, IDA, and head circumference at birth.

Adjusted for HOME score, current caregiver’s PPVT-R at 4 years, parity, maternal marital status, log of prenatal cocaine average, and head circumference at birth.

⁴

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, child race, log of prenatal cocaine average, and head circumference at birth.

⁵

Adjusted for HOME score, child race, birth maternal years of education, parity, IDA, and head circumference at birth.

⁶

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, birth maternal WAIS-BD, child race, log of prenatal cocaine average, log of prenatal alcohol average, and head circumference at birth.

⁷

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, log of prenatal alcohol average, and head circumference at birth.

⁸

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, current caregiver’s WAIS-PC at 9 years, child sex, and head circumference at birth.

⁹

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, IDA, and head circumference at birth.

¹⁰

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, current caregiver’s WAIS-PC at 9 years, child sex, log of prenatal cocaine average, log of prenatal alcohol average, IDA, and head circumference at birth.

¹¹

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, log of prenatal marijuana 1st trimester, and head circumference at birth.

¹²

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, child race, log of prenatal cocaine average, IDA, and head circumference at birth.

¹³

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, birth maternal WAIS-BD, and head circumference at birth.

¹⁴

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, log of prenatal marijuana 1st trimester, and head circumference at birth.

¹⁵

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, current caregiver PPVT at 11 years, Current caregiver WAIS-BD at 11 years, child sex, log of prenatal cocaine average, current caregiver’s marijuana use, and head circumference at birth.

¹⁶

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, log of prenatal cocaine average, and head circumference at birth.

¹⁷

Adjusted for HOME score, birth maternal PPVT-R at birth, child sex, log of prenatal cocaine average, Log of prenatal alcohol 2nd trimester, current caregiver’s alcohol use, and head circumference at birth.

Note. Significant covariates are listed in italics.

P ≤ .05,

^**

P ≤ .01,

^***

P ≤ .001,

^****

P < .0001,

^↑

P ≤ .10