Fig. 3.

The increase of p-Akt expression by minoxidil and ATRA. (A) In DPCs, minoxidil increases p-Akt, moreover, minoxidil plus ATRA more significantly elevates the p-Akt level. (B) In NHK, minoxidil alone and minoxidil plus ATRA increase p-Akt expression, however, they were statistically insignificant. The blotted bands are the representative of triplicate experiments. The values are shown as the means±SEM of % elevation compared with controls. ^*, p<0.05, compared with controls treated with the vehicle. p-Akt, phosphorylated Akt; T-Akt, total Akt; M, minoxidil.