In HIVE, the majority of TSPO-expressing cells are microglia, as shown with CD68 labeling (A, B, D panels) and CD45RB (E and F panels). Multinucleated giant cells are double labeled (B). HIV-infected cells express TSPO as seen in microglial nodules stained for HIV-1 p24 (C, G panels). Arrowheads illustrate some cells double-labeled for both markers. The scale bar represent 30 μm in A, C and 12μm in B, 50 μm in D, E and G and 25 μm in F.