Table 3.

Summary of TSPO immunoreactivity in HIVE/SIVE and control cases

HIV/SIV status	Case	Brain region studied	1 Notable pathology	Antibody	3 Microglia/Macrophages	3 Astrocytes	3 Neurons	3 Vessel Stain
HIV−	16	White matter (2 w.m.)		2 p	++	+	+	+
				2 m	++	±	-	+
	18	Cortex and w.m.		p	+	+	+	+
				m	+	±	−	+
	19	Cortex and w.m.		p	+	−	+	+
				m	+	+	−	+
	28	Cortex and w.m.		p	±	−	−	-
				m	+	−	−	+
HIV+	13	Cortex and w.m.		p	+	+ metabolic glia (2 m.g.)	+	+
				m	+	+ m.g.	−	+
	14	Cortex and w.m.		2 N.A.
				m	±	−	−	+
	15	Cortex and w.m.		p	++	+ m.g.	+	+
				m	++	+ m.g.	−	+
	25	Cortex and w.m.		p	−	−	±	±
				m	−	−	−	+
	26	Cortex and w.m.		p	−	−	±	±
				m		−	−	+
HIVE	1	Cortex and w.m.		p	+++	+	±	+
				N.A.
	43	5 Gray matter (2 g.m.)/w.m.	Diffuse HIV, prominent multinucleated giant cells (2 m.g.c.)	p	++++	++ hyper-trophic (2 ht)	+	+
				N.A.
	4	G.m./w.m.		p	++	++ ht	++	+
				m	++	++ ht	−	++
	5	W.m.		p	+	+	N.A.	+
				N.A.
	8	Basal ganglia (2 b.g.)	Prominent microglial nodules (2 m.n.)	p	+++	++ ht	++	+
				m	+++	++ ht		++
	9	Cortex and w.m.		p	++	+ ht	++	+
				m	++	++ ht		+
	20	Cortex and w.m.		p	++	+ ht	+	+
				N.A.
	22	W.m.	Macrophages/amoeboid microglia	p	+	++ ht	N.A.	+
				m	++	+ ht	N.A.	++
	423	Multiple areas (Cortex and w.m.)	Prominent m.n., lymphoma	p	+++	++ ht	++	+
				m	+++	+ ht		++
	38	Cortex and w.m.	Diffuse vacuoles	p	++++	++ ht	+	+
				m	+++	+ ht		+
SIV−	CW97–421	Anterior b.g. & adjacent cortex and w.m.		p	−	−	+	±
				m	−	−	−	+
SIV+	CW99–224	Anterior b.g. & adjacent cortex and w.m.		p	±	−	±	+
				m	−	−	−	+
SIVE	CW00–221	Anterior b.g. & adjacent cortex and w.m.	prominent m.g.c.	p	++	−	+	±
			and focal gliosis	m	+++	−	−	+
	CW00–220	Anterior b.g. & adjacent cortex and w.m.	Diffuse microgliosis	p	+++	−	+	+
				m	++++	−	−	++

¹For HIVE and SIVE, standard pathology, including multinucleated giant cells and microglial nodules, was present. Notable pathology is in addition to standard pathology.

²Abbreviations used: white matter (w.m.), polyclonal (p), monoclonal (m), gray matter (g.m.), basal ganglia (b.g.), multinucleated giant cells (m.g.c.), microglial nodules (m.n.), not available (N.A.), hypertrophic (h.t.) and metabolic glia (m.g.).

³The semi-quantitative grading system was applied to the average number of cells in ten 400X fields such that (−) indicates no staining; (±), TSPO+ punctuate spots only; (+), 1–5 TSPO+ cells; (++), 5–10 TSPO+ cells; (+++), 10–15 TSPO+ cells and (++++), 15 –>20 TSPO+ cells. TSPO+ Neurons were only assessed when gray matter was present. Astrocytes may be hypertrophic (ht) or metabolic glia (m.g.). Vessel staining includes both TSPO+ endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

⁴Case 23 is the lymphoma case; Case 3 also had neurosyphillis.

⁵The term “gray matter” is used when the anatomic region cannot be positively identified from the section.