Table 1.

Sample Characteristics

	CES-D score < 16 (n=477)		CES-D score ≥ 16 (n=157)
	N	%	N	%	p-value*
Demographics
Age (years)					0.15
45–49	301	63.1	109	69.4
50–54	176	36.9	48	30.6
Race					0.40
White	396	83.0	133	84.7
Black	73	15.3	19	12.1
Other	7	1.5	4	2.5
Marital Status					0.07
Single	64	13.4	18	11.5
Married/living with partner	328	68.9	98	62.4
Divorced/widowed/separated	84	17.6	41	26.1
Education					0.09
High school or less	71	14.9	28	17.8
Some college	119	24.9	49	31.2
Graduated college	118	24.7	41	26.1
Graduate school	169	35.4	39	24.8
Employment					0.539
Unemployed	20	4.2	10	3.4
Retired/disability**	67	14.1	22	14.0
Employed	389	81.7	125	79.6
Health Behaviors/Status
Menopausal status					0.04
Premenopausal	189	40.7	49	31.4
Perimenopausal	275	59.3	107	68.6
Physical activity					0.002
Inactive/light	263	55.1	109	69.4
Moderate/heavy	214	44.9	48	30.6
Cigarette use					0.001
Current	32	6.7	26	16.6
Former	188	39.5	58	36.9
Never	256	53.8	73	46.5
Alcohol use within past year					0.158
Yes	324	77.0	97	23.0
No	153	71.8	60	28.2
Self-rated health status					<0.001
Excellent	114	23.9	15	9.6
Very good/good	336	70.6	121	77.1
Fair/poor	26	5.5	21	13.4
Body mass index (kg/m2)					0.4
24.9 or less	208	43.6	63	40.1
25.0 to 29.9	133	27.9	40	25.5
30.0 or greater	136	28.5	53	33.8
Menopausal Symptoms
Hot flashes (ever)					0.1
Yes	268	56.2	100	63.7
No	209	43.8	57	36.3
Hot flashes (past 30 days)†					0.02
Yes	172	64.9	78	78.0
No	93	35.1	22	22.0
Hot flash severity					.45
Mild	101	37.8	33	33.0
Moderate	144	53.9	55	55.0
Severe	22	8.24	12	12.0
Wake up with hot flashes (# of times/night)					<0.001
None	102	28.7	30	22.6
One	100	28.2	32	24.1
Two	96	27.0	25	18.8
Three	41	11.6	23	17.3
Four or more	16	4.5	23	17.3
Change bed sheets					0.01
Yes	61	17.23	36	27.3
No	293	82.8	96	72.7
Frequency of changing bed sheets#					.21
<once/week	43	70.5	27	73.0
1–2 times/week	9	14.8	9	24.3
3–4 times/week	8	13.1	1	2.7
>5 times/week	1	1.6	0	0.0
Trouble sleeping (#/week)					0.001
None	147	49.2	43	38.7
1–2 times	110	36.8	33	29.7
3–4 times	32	10.7	24	21.6
5 or more	10	3.3	11	9.9
Insomnia‡					<0.001
Yes	181	38.1	103	67.3
No	293	61.8	50	32.7
Nausea					<0.001
Yes	30	6.3	32	20.4
No	446	93.7	125	79.6
Headache					<0.001
Yes	168	35.2	82	52.2
No	309	64.8	75	47.8
Aches and pains					<.001
Yes	244	51.3	113	72.0
No	232	48.7	44	28.0
Weakness					<0.001
Yes	52	11.0	47	30.3
No	420	89.0	108	69.7
Visual changes					0.001
Yes	76	16.1	43	28.1
No	395	83.9	110	71.9
Vaginal discharge					0.003
Yes	115	24.3	56	36.4
No	359	75.7	98	63.6
Vaginal dryness					0.30
Yes	100	21.3	39	25.3
No	369	78.7	115	74.7
Irritability					<0.001
Yes	212	45.1	123	79.4
No	258	54.9	32	20.7
Muscle stiffness					<0.001
Yes	183	38.9	85	55.2
No	287	61.1	69	44.8
Incontinence					<0.001
Yes	88	18.8	54	35.3
No	380	81.2	99	64.7

^*p-values from Chi-square analyses

^**Contains individuals who reported either being retired, full-time homemaking, being a student, on temporary medical leave or permanently disabled

^#Among those who had to ever had to change sheets

^†Among those who had ever had hot flashes

^‡For insomnia, nausea, headache, weakness, visual changes, vaginal discharge, irritability, muscle stiffness, and incontinence: yes = at least once/week