Figure 1.

Schematic diagrams of the two-dimensional lattice arrangements in different situations. Impermeable cell obstacles are represented by the depicted gray-colored cells arranged in a lattice structure. The distance 2h represents the intercleft width, and the radius a represents the small curvature of the cell membrane in deformed regions. The ECS domains were highlighted in light gray, with the rectangular dimension Γ_x × Γ_y defined as: Γ_x = Γ_y = 1 for lattice (a); Γ_x = Γ_y = for lattice (b); Γ_x = 2, Γ_y = 1 for lattice (c); Γ_x = , Γ_y = 1 for lattice (d); and Γ_x = , Γ_y = 3 for lattice (e).