Table 2.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer and consumption of sweets in a population-based case–control study, San Francisco Bay Area, California
| Men + Women | Men | Women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweets (1 serving) | Case n | % | Control n | % | ORa | 95% CIa | ORb | 95% CIb | ORb | 95% CIb | ORb | 95% CIb |
| Total sweets, servings/day | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 54 | 10 | 183 | 11 | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref |
| <1 | 316 | 60 | 1,156 | 68 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.4, 1.1 |
| ≥1 | 156 | 30 | 362 | 21 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.0, 3.6 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 |
| Trend-p | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.5 | ||||||||
| Sweet condiments (1 tablespoon) | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 106 | 20 | 428 | 25 | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref |
| 1–3/month | 82 | 16 | 364 | 21 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.3 |
| 1–6/week | 254 | 48 | 696 | 41 | 1.3 | 1.0, 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1, 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.0, 2.2 |
| ≥1/day | 84 | 16 | 212 | 13 | 1.4 | 1.0, 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.2, 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.9, 2.6 |
| Trend-p | 0.007 | 0.0004 | 0.002 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Pure chocolate candy bar or packet (1) | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 245 | 47 | 863 | 51 | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref |
| 1–3/month | 131 | 25 | 439 | 26 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 |
| 1–6/week | 122 | 23 | 355 | 21 | 1.1 | 0.8,1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9, 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 |
| ≥1/day | 28 | 5 | 44 | 3 | 2.0 | 1.2, 3.2 | 2.0 | 1.2, 3.4 | 2.4 | 1.1, 5.0 | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.7 |
| Trend-p | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.5 | ||||||||
| Candy without chocolate (1 pack) | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 316 | 60 | 1,080 | 63 | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref |
| 1–3/month | 93 | 18 | 298 | 18 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.6 |
| 1–6/week | 90 | 17 | 250 | 15 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.5 |
| ≥1/day | 27 | 5 | 73 | 4 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.9 | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.3 |
| Trend-p | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Other mixed candy bar (1) | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 276 | 52 | 1,041 | 61 | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref | 1.0 | Ref |
| 1–3/month | 119 | 23 | 382 | 22 | 1.1 | 0.9, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9, 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0, 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 |
| 1–6/week | 109 | 21 | 253 | 15 | 1.4 | 1.1, 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.0, 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1, 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.9 |
| ≥1/day | 22 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 2.7 | 1.5, 4.9 | 2.2 | 1.2, 4.1 | 3.3 | 1.5, 7.3 | 1.0 | 0.3, 3.4 |
| Trend-p | 0.0004 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.7 | ||||||||
aAdjusted for age, sex, and energy intake (kcal/day, men: quartiles, women: quartiles); ORs were not computed if cells had <5 observations
bAdditionally adjusted for body mass index (<25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2), race (white, black/African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, others), education (< high-school graduate, high-school graduate, college, graduate work), smoking (never smoker, former cigarette smoker who quit smoking >15 years ago, former cigarette smoker who quit smoking 1–15 years, current cigarette smoker or quit <1 year ago, pipe, and/or cigar smoker), history of diabetes (yes, no) and physical activity (30-min moderate exercise each time: <1 month, 1–4/month, 2–6/week, and daily); total sweets was additionally adjusted for quartiles of total red meat, white meat, vegetable and fruit, eggs, fish, dairy, whole grain, and refined grain, and sweetened beverages (0, <1, and ≥1 serving per day)