Table 3.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer and daily servings of sweetened beverages in a population-based case–control study, San Francisco Bay Area, California
| Men + Women | Men | Women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweetened beverages (1 serving = 1 can, glass, bottle, or cup) | Case n | % | Control n | % | ORa | 95% CIa | ORb | 95% CIb | ORb | 95% CIb | ORb | 95% CIb |
| All sweetened beverages/day | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 111 | 21 | 348 | 21 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| <1 | 249 | 47 | 942 | 55 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.6, 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.4, 0.9 |
| ≥1 | 166 | 32 | 411 | 24 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 |
| Trend-p | 0.03 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Total carbonated beverages/day | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 140 | 27 | 468 | 28 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| <1 | 242 | 46 | 894 | 53 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.0 |
| ≥1 | 144 | 27 | 339 | 20 | 1.3 | 1.0, 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.8, 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.7 |
| Trend-p | 0.02 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Total sugar-type carbonated beverages/day | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 284 | 54 | 961 | 57 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| <1 | 190 | 36 | 610 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.2 |
| ≥1 | 52 | 10 | 130 | 8 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.8 |
| Trend-p | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Total sugar-free carbonated beverages/day | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 310 | 59 | 1,016 | 60 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| <1 | 124 | 24 | 487 | 29 | 0.8 | 0.7, 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.7, 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.4, 1.0 |
| ≥1 | 92 | 17 | 198 | 12 | 1.5 | 1.2, 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.1, 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.1, 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.9, 2.3 |
| Trend-p | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Coke, Pepsi, or other cola with sugar | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 347 | 66 | 1,175 | 69 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 55 | 11 | 179 | 11 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.4 |
| 1–6/week | 86 | 16 | 247 | 15 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 |
| ≥1/day | 38 | 7 | 100 | 6 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.1 |
| Trend-p | 0.6 | 0.99 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Caffeine-free coke, Pepsi, or other cola with sugar | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 497 | 94 | 1,598 | 94 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 13 | 2 | 55 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.3, 2.4 |
| 1–6/week | 15 | 3 | 37 | 2 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.6, 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.7, 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.1, 1.9 |
| ≥1/day | 1 | 0.2 | 10 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.04, 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.04, 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.05, 2.3 | NA | NA |
| Trend-p | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.96 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Other carbonated beverage with sugar | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 364 | 69 | 1,229 | 72 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 67 | 13 | 200 | 12 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.8 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.4 |
| 1–6/week | 78 | 15 | 241 | 14 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.8 |
| ≥1/day | 17 | 3 | 31 | 2 | 1.6 | 0.8, 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.6, 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.2, 2.3 |
| Trend-p | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | ||||||||
| Low calorie cola | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 381 | 72 | 1,272 | 75 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 34 | 6 | 122 | 7 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.5, 1.9 |
| 1–6/week | 54 | 10 | 197 | 12 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 |
| ≥1/day | 57 | 11 | 110 | 6 | 1.8 | 1.2, 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.2, 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.1, 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 |
| Trend-p | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| Low calorie caffeine-free cola | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 437 | 83 | 1,394 | 82 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 24 | 5 | 83 | 5 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.8 |
| 1–6/week | 43 | 8 | 171 | 10 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.3 |
| ≥1/day | 22 | 4 | 51 | 3 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.7, 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.6, 2.7 |
| Trend-p | 0.96 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | ||||||||
| Other low calorie carbonated beverage | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 418 | 79 | 1,366 | 80 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 40 | 8 | 128 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9, 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.3 |
| 1–6/week | 47 | 9 | 167 | 10 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.4, 1.2 |
| ≥1/day | 21 | 4 | 39 | 2 | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.5 | 1.8 | 0.8, 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.4, 3.2 |
| Trend-p | 0.6 | 0.97 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Hawaii punch, lemonade, or other non-carbonated fruit drinks | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 359 | 68 | 1,075 | 63 | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. |
| 1–3/month | 71 | 14 | 286 | 17 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.2 |
| 1–6/week | 75 | 14 | 292 | 17 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.3, 0.9 |
| ≥1/day | 21 | 4 | 48 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.2, 1.1 | 2.0 | 1.0, 4.2 |
| Trend-p | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.4 | ||||||||
aAdjusted for age, sex, and energy intake (kcal/day, men: quartiles, women: quartiles)
bAdditionally adjusted for body mass index (<25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2), race (white, black/African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, others), education (<high-school graduate, high-school graduate, 1–4 years college, graduate school), smoking (never smoker, former cigarette smoker who had quit smoking >15 years previously, former cigarette smoker who had quit smoking 1–15 years previously, current cigarette smoker or former cigarette smoker who had quit smoking <1 year previously, pipe and/or cigar smoker), history of diabetes (yes, no), and physical activity (30-min moderate exercise each time: <1 month, 1–4/month, 2–6/week, and daily); Additionally, all sweetened beverages, sugar-type carbonated beverages, and sugar-free carbonated beverages were adjusted for quartiles of red meat, white meat, vegetable and fruit, eggs, fish, dairy, whole grain, and refined grain, and sweets (0, <1, and ≥1 serving per day), and were mutually adjusted for each other