Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Insulin users (n = 88) | Nonusers (n = 75) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years (±s.d.)) | 56 ± 10 | 54 ± 11 | 0.100 |
| Sex | |||
| Male (n (%)) | 44 (50) | 48 (64) | 0.072 |
| Female (n (%)) | 44 (50) | 27 (36) | |
| Race | |||
| White (n (%)) | 70 (80) | 54 (72) | 0.241 |
| Black (n (%)) | 17 (19) | 17 (23) | |
| Other (n (%)) | 1 (1) | 4 (5) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than 8th grade (n (%)) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| 8th grade but less than high school (n (%)) | 15 (17) | 2 (3) | |
| High school or GED (n (%)) | 21 (24) | 19 (25) | |
| Some college (n (%)) | 32 (36) | 15 (20) | |
| College graduate (n (%)) | 16 (18) | 18 (24) | |
| Beyond college (n (%)) | 4 (5) | 20 (27) | |
| A1C (% (±s.d.)) | 6.99 ± 0.65 | 6.36 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years (IQR)) | 9 (5−15) | 0.6 (0.42−2.50) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2 (±s.d.)) | 34.6 ± 7.2 | 33.3 ± 6.5 | 0.196 |
| Weight (kg (±s.d.)) | 100 ± 21 | 100 ± 22 | 0.913 |
| Waist circumference (cm (±s.d.) (n = 159)) | 110 ± 15 | 107 ± 29 | 0.359 |
| Oral medications | |||
| Metformin (n (%)) | 42 (48) | 54 (72) | 0.002 |
| Sulfonylureas (n (%)) | 25 (28) | 40 (53) | 0.002 |
| Thiazolidines (n (%)) | 11 (12) | 9 (12) | 1.000 |
| CESD (mean (±s.d.) (n = 117)) | 11.6 ± 9.1 | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 0.401 |
CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; GED, General Education Development Test; A1C, glycated hemoglobin. IQR, interquartile range.
a
χ2-Test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous variables.