Table 1. Demographic Features of Study Groups.
| Group | Between-group Comparisons | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonusers (N=72) | Nondependent AAS users (N = 42) | Dependent AAS users (N = 20) | Nondependent AAS users vs. nonusers | Dependent AAS users vs. nonusers non | Dependent vs. dependent AAS users | |
| N (%) | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)a | |||||
| Single parentb | 24 (33) | 10 (24) | 9 (45) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) | 2.2 (0.6, 7.2) | 3.9* (1.0, 14.8) |
| Family history of substance use disorderc | 22 (31) | 13 (33) | 10 (53) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 3.7* (1.0, 13.5) | 4.7* (1.2, 18.8) |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 7 (10) | 3 (7) | 2 (10) | 0.7 (0.2, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.1, 4.1) | 1.0 (0.1, 7.4) |
| Never married | 54 (75) | 35 (83) | 13 (65) | 1.9 (0.6, 6.2) | 2.4 (0.6, 9.3) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.5) |
| Any post-high-school education | 50 (69) | 32 (76) | 9 (45) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.9) | 0.2* (0.0, 0.7) | 0.1** (0.0, 0.5) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% confidence interval)a | |||||
| Age began regular weightlifting | 16.1 (3.4) | 16.2 (2.9) | 16.8 (3.6) | 0.1 (-1.2, 1.4) | 0.2 (-1.6, 2.1) | 0.1 (-1.8, 2.1) |
| Years of regular weightlifting | 7.4 (4.4) | 7.7 (4.6) | 12.6 (6.5) | 0.3 (-1.3, 1.8) | 0.9 (-1.3, 3.0) | 0.6 (-1.6, 2.8) |
| Fat-free mass index, kg/m2 | 22.6 (2.0) | 23.1 (2.5) | 25.8 (3.1) | 0.5 (-0.4, 1.5) | 3.2*** (1.8, 4.5) | 2.6*** (1.2, 4.0) |
a
Estimates adjusted for age, study site, and ethnicity (see text). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
b
The particpant reported that parents were separated or divorced, or that one parent died before he reached age 13; N = 41 for nondependent user group.
c
The participant reported at least one first-degree relative with apparent substance abuse or dependence; N = 71 non-users, 40 nondependent users, and 19 dependent users because of missing data (e.g., adopted or lacking information on biological relatives).