Figure 2.

Observed and predicted frequencies of dhfr mutations through time in Kilifi, Kenya and a study in Malawi [3]. Observed (symbols) and predicted (lines) population frequencies through time of alleles at the dhfr locus determining resistance to pyrimethamine, one of the partner drugs in SP. This drug officially replaced CQ as the first line drug in 1990 and 1992 in Kenya and Malawi, respectively: however, in Kenya, it was used as a second line drug prior to the change from CQ. In the upper panel, the data are for the frequency of the double and triple mutant alleles combined whereas in the lower panel, the alleles are treated separately (see Methods). Selection coefficients are expressed relative to the wild-type/single mutant genotype.