Table 2.
Prevalence ratios of having a high pathogen burden by socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics among the random subset of participants in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. (July 2000—July 2002)*
| Models 1† |
Model 2‡ (N=891)
|
Model 3§ (N=865)
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | PR | 95% CI | p-value | PR† | 95% CI | p-value | PR† | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Education | 997 | |||||||||
| High School or Less | 1.75 | (1.55, 1.98) | <0.001 | 1.43 | (1.24, 1.63) | <.0001 | 1.37 | (1.19, 1.57) | <.0001 | |
| Some College, Associate’s Degree, or Technical School | 1.48 | (1.29, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.26 | (1.10, 1.45) | 0.001 | 1.23 | (1.07, 1.41) | 0.005 | |
| Bachelor’s or Graduate Degree | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | |
| Income (Annual) | 972 | |||||||||
| <$25,000 | 1.54 | (1.38, 1.73) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (0.94, 1.20) | 0.35 | 1.02 | (0.90, 1.16) | 0.72 | |
| $25,000–$50,000 | 1.30 | (1.15, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.05 | (0.93, 1.19) | 0.41 | 1.03 | (0.91, 1.16) | 0.65 | |
| >$50,000 | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | |
| Psychosocial Stress# | ||||||||||
| Depressive Symptoms | 998 | 1.12 | (0.99, 1.26) | 0.07 | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.14) | 0.90 | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.15) | 0.88 |
| Chronic Stress | 988 | |||||||||
| Level 0 | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | |
| Level 1 | 0.86 | (0.77, 0.96) | 0.01 | 0.94 | (0.85, 1.05) | 0.29 | 0.95 | (0.85, 1.06) | 0.33 | |
| Level 2 | 0.79 | (0.67, 0.93) | 0.005 | 0.85 | (0.73, 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.84 | (0.72, 0.99) | 0.04 | |
| Level 3–4 | 0.92 | (0.76, 1.10) | 0.37 | 0.94 | (0.78, 1.14) | 0.52 | 0.93 | (0.76, 1.15) | 0.52 | |
| Cynical distrust | 919 | 1.38 | (1.26, 1.52) | <0.001 | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.13) | 0.56 | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.14) | 0.39 |
Outcome is dichotomized pathogen burden (3–4) vs. (0–2).
Adjusted for gender and age.
Adjusted for income, education, psychosocial stress, race/ethnicity, gender and age.
Adjusted for income, education race/ethnicity, psychosocial stress, number of children in household, BMI, waist to hip ratio, diabetes, height, smoking, alcohol use, ongoing health problems, gender and age.
PR = Prevalence Ratio and CI=Confidence Interval
Depressive symptoms were defined as CES-D ≥ 16 versus < 16, chronic stress was examined categorically with level 0 representing no chronic stress, and cynical distrust was defined as a score of ≥ 5 versus <5 based on the study population median value.