CO and the Akt-GSK3β relationship. In immunoprecipitation studies (A), Nrf2 serine/threonine phosphorylation, as well as Bach1 phosphorylation, decreases after CO (Nrf2 and Bach1 motifs for GSK3β are inhibited by Akt). In contrast to Wt mice, neither Akt nor GSK3β is phosphorylated in Akt1−/− mice after CO (B). Also, nuclear translocation of NRF-1 induced by CO in Wt mice is absent in Akt1−/− mice (C).