Fig. 3.

Group mean changes in subthalamic nucleus (STN) power induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor area (M1). Mean changes in power in the STN over the frequency range 1–99 Hz induced by: (A) ipsilateral M1 TMS at 85%/95% resting motor threshold (RMT) (n=14 STNs); (B) ipsilateral M1 TMS at 115% RMT (n=14 STNs); and (C) contralateral M1 TMS at 115% RMT (n=13 STNs). White circles indicate beta event-related desynchronization. (D–F) Grand means of local field potential data averaged to TMS from the same dataset as shown in A–C, with an identical time scale. (G and H) Grand averages of individualized beta activity from same dataset as in A and B. (H inset) Averaged beta response to ipsilateral suprathreshold stimulation from patients recorded in London (black) and Rome (blue). See also supplementary Fig. S2. Red lines indicate values significantly smaller than the lower 95% confidence limit. All changes are expressed as percentages of the baseline mean, taken 1.59–0 s prior to stimulation. Data from both STN sides have been combined in all matrix and line plots. Stimulus at 0 (open arrows). (I) Mean beta power (±SD) in STNs before (1.59–1.23 s) and after (0.19–0.55 s) suprathreshold (filled columns) and subthreshold (open columns) TMS at different cortical sites. Asterisks denote significant differences (P<0.05).