Table 1.
Molecules involved in inflammation in COPD
| Product | Type | Compartment | Level in COPD |
|---|---|---|---|
| TNFα | mRNA, protein
gene polymorphism |
serum, sputum, leg muscle
blood |
higher (COPD)
Asian: yes; Caucasian: no |
| TNFR1 | protein | sputum | higher (COPD) |
| TNFR2 | protein | serum | higher (COPD) |
| CCL2 | mRNA, protein | sputum, BAL, lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
| CCR2 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
| CXCL1 | protein | sputum, lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
| CXCL8 | mRNA, protein | serum, sputum, BAL, lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
| CXCR2 | mRNA, protein | BAL, PBL | higher (COPD) |
| TGFβ1 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
| protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) | |
| gene polymorphism | blood | yes (COPD) | |
| TGFβR1 | protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) |
| TGFβR2 | protein | lung tissue (arteries) | higher (COPD) |
| VEGF | protein | sputum, lung tissue | lower (emph) |
| higher (COPD) | |||
| VEGFR2 | protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) |
| higher (COPD) | |||
| 4HNE | protein adducts | lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
| NF-κB | protein | lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
| HDAC2 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
| HDAC5 | mRNA | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
| HDAC8 | mRNA | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
Abbreviations: BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BEC, bronchial epithelial cells; emph, emphysema; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes.