Table 1.
Product | Type | Compartment | Level in COPD |
---|---|---|---|
TNFα | mRNA, protein
gene polymorphism |
serum, sputum, leg muscle
blood |
higher (COPD)
Asian: yes; Caucasian: no |
TNFR1 | protein | sputum | higher (COPD) |
TNFR2 | protein | serum | higher (COPD) |
CCL2 | mRNA, protein | sputum, BAL, lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
CCR2 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
CXCL1 | protein | sputum, lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
CXCL8 | mRNA, protein | serum, sputum, BAL, lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
CXCR2 | mRNA, protein | BAL, PBL | higher (COPD) |
TGFβ1 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue, BEC | higher (COPD) |
protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) | |
gene polymorphism | blood | yes (COPD) | |
TGFβR1 | protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) |
TGFβR2 | protein | lung tissue (arteries) | higher (COPD) |
VEGF | protein | sputum, lung tissue | lower (emph) |
higher (COPD) | |||
VEGFR2 | protein | lung tissue | lower (emph) |
higher (COPD) | |||
4HNE | protein adducts | lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
NF-κB | protein | lung tissue | higher (COPD) |
HDAC2 | mRNA, protein | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
HDAC5 | mRNA | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
HDAC8 | mRNA | lung tissue | lower (COPD) |
Abbreviations: BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BEC, bronchial epithelial cells; emph, emphysema; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes.