Appendix.
Variable Definitions, Sources, and Descriptive Statistics
| Smoking Gross |
| Definition: Percentage of high school seniors having smoked cigarettes daily in the past 30 days |
| Source: Computations from Monitoring the Future Survey data, 1976–2002 |
| Statistics: M = 20.8, SD = 3.3, Minimum = 16.9, Maximum = 28.7 |
| Smoking Net |
| Definition: Percentage of high school seniors having smoked cigarettes daily in the past 30 days after controlling for background determinants |
| Source: Computations from Monitoring the Future Survey data, 1976–2002 |
| Statistics: M = 22.1, SD = 3.0, Minimum = 18.8, Maximum = 28.7 |
| Dropout Rate |
| Definition: Percentage of teens aged 16 to 19 who dropped out during the previous year |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey |
| Statistics: M = 5.0, SD = 0.9, Minimum = 3.3, Maximum = 6.7 |
| Adult Smoking |
| Definition: Percentage of persons aged 18 and older who currently smoke cigarettes |
| Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (URL: www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/adults_prev/prevali.htm) |
| Statistics: M = 28.2, SD = 4.2, Minimum = 22.5, Maximum = 35.6 |
| Social Strain |
| Definition: Scale based on the summation of standardized measures of suicide, violence victimization, and birth rates |
| Source: See individual items below |
| Statistics: M = 0, SD = 0.9, Minimum = −2.0, Maximum = 1.7 |
| Suicide Rate |
| Definition: Deaths from suicide of persons aged 15 to 19 per 100,000 population |
| Source: Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC Data (URL: http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate.html) |
| Statistics: M = 9.4, SD = 1.3, Minimum = 7.4, Maximum = 11.3 |
| Violence Victimization Rate |
| Definition: Rape, robbery, and assault of persons aged 16 to 19 per 1,000 population |
| Source: U.S. Department of Justice (URL: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/vagetab.htm) |
| Statistics: M = 99.2, SD = 16.0, Minimum = 55.9, Maximum = 123.9 |
| Birth Rate |
| Definition: Births at ages 15 to 19 per 1,000 female population |
| Source: Center for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Cooperative Program (URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/teen-brth.htm) |
| Statistics: M = 52.8, SD = 4.4, Minimum = 43.8, Maximum = 61.8 |
| Unemployment Rate |
| Definition: Percentage of persons aged 16 to 19 in the labor force who are not employed |
| Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey (URL: http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm#OEUS) |
| Statistics: M = 17.4, SD = 2.4, Minimum = 13, Maximum = 22.2 |
| Cigarette Prices |
| Definition: Average cost of a pack of cigarettes in 1982–1984 dollars |
| Source: Department of Health and Human Services (2000, pp. 346–347) |
| Statistics: M = 108.2, SD = 30.8, Minimum = 69.2, Maximum = 187.3 |
| Price Promotion Expenditures |
| Definition: Domestic tobacco company expenditures in thousands of real dollars per adult for promotional allowances, sampling distributions, specialty item distribution, coupons, and retail value-added |
| Source: Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2003 (URL: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/cigarette05/050809cigrpt.pdf) |
| Source CPI: Bureau of Labor Statistics (URL: http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/survey-most?cu) |
| Source Population: Government Printing Office (URL: www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/2006/B34.xls) |
| Statistics: M = 8.5, SD = 6.9, Minimum = 1.2, Maximum = 26.8 |
| Traditional Advertising Expenditures |
| Definition: Domestic tobacco company expenditures in thousands of real dollars per adult for newspaper, magazine, outdoor, transit, and point-of-sale ads |
| Source: Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2003 (URL: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/cigarette05/050809cigrpt.pdf) |
| Statistics: M = 3.1, SD = 1.3, Minimum = .67, Maximum = 4.8 |
| Other Promotional Expenditures |
| Definition: Domestic tobacco company expenditures in thousands of dollars per adult for public entertainment, direct mail, endorsements, and other promotions |
| Source: Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2003 (URL: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/cigarette05/050809cigrpt.pdf) |
| Statistics: M = .83, SD = .49, Minimum =.21, Maximum = 2.02 |
| Advertising Campaigns |
| Definition: Value of 1 assigned to years of Joe Camel campaign (1987–1997), −1 to years of Truth Campaign (2000–2002), and 0 to other years |
| Statistics: M = 0.2, SD = 0.7, Minimum = −1, Maximum = 1 |
| Marijuana Use (NSDUH) |
| Definition: The initiation rate of those aged 12 to 17 (the number of persons in the age group who first used the drug in the year as a ratio to the person-time exposure of persons in the age group in thousands) |
| Source: SAMSHA, Office of Applied Studies, 2003 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (URL: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/2k3nsduh/2k3Results.htm#ch5, Table G. 31) |
| Statistics: M = 80.4, SD = 13.7, Minimum = 47.2, Maximum = 101.1 |
| Marijuana Use (MTF) |
| Definition: Mean marijuana use in past 30 days on a scale ranging from 1 (none) to 7 (40 or more times) |
| Source: Computations from Monitoring the Future Survey data, 1976–2002 |
| Statistics: M = 1.7, SD = 0.3, Minimum = 1.3, Maximum = 2.2 |