Figure 1.

Flow of primary study inclusion. ^aThese were primarily quasirandom procedures; ^bmodels included behavioral (e.g., cue exposure), integrative behavioral (e.g., behavioral self-control training), and social skills or assertiveness training; ^ccomparison of two types of cognitive-behavioral therapy or pharmacotherapy studies with cognitive-behavioral therapy held constant; ^dstudies targeting alcohol moderation; ^edual-disorder studies with alcohol or illicit drug use as secondary diagnosis.