Table 4.
Selected determinants of HPV DNA detection in children at any time during follow up.
| Mother's and pregnancy characteristics | HPV Positive/Tested |
HPV-positive children (%) |
OR | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 26/143 | 18.2% | ||
| Age at delivery | ||||
| <26 | 5/22 | 22.7 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 26–30 | 9/45 | 20.0 | 0.85 | (0.25–2.93) |
| 31–35 | 8/52 | 15.4 | 0.62 | (0.18–2.16) |
| >35 | 4/24 | 16.7 | 0.68 | (0.16–2.94) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.87 | |||
| Weeks of pregnancy at delivery | ||||
| <38 | 3/13 | 23.1 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 38–39 | 15/80 | 18.8 | 0.77 | (0.19–3.14) |
| >39 | 8/50 | 16.0 | 0.64 | (0.14–2.84) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.82 | |||
| Type of delivery | ||||
| Eutocic | 12/86 | 14.0 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Instrumental | 10/38 | 26.3 | 2.20 | (0.85–5.68) |
| Cesarean section | 4/19 | 21.1 | 1.60 | (0.45–5.75) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.24 | |||
| Duration of delivery (hours) | ||||
| <1 | 3/13 | 23.1 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 1–5 | 13/75 | 17.3 | 0.71 | (0.17–2.97) |
| 6–10 | 7/47 | 14.9 | 0.60 | (0.13–2.83) |
| >10 | 3/8 | 37.5 | 2.10 | (0.28–15.57) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.46 | |||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or Cohabiting | 25/136 | 18.4 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Single or Separated | 1/7 | 14.3 | 0.78 | (0.09–7.10) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.78 | |||
| Age at first intercourse | ||||
| ≤ 17 | 9/42 | 21.4 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 18–19 | 7/35 | 20.0 | 0.89 | (0.28–2.79) |
| ≥ 20 | 6/37 | 16.2 | 0.67 | (0.21–2.20) |
| Unknown | 4/29 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.84 | |||
| Number of previous pregnancies | ||||
| 0 | 9/46 | 19.6 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 1 | 8/47 | 17.0 | 0.89 | (0.31–2.61) |
| 2 | 5/34 | 14.7 | 0.79 | (0.22–2.79) |
| ≥ 3 | 4/16 | 25.0 | 1.69 | (0.35–8.29) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.83 | |||
| Lifetime no. of sexual partners | ||||
| 1 | 9/44 | 20.5 | 1.0 | Reference |
| 2–4 | 8/39 | 20.5 | 1.01 | (0.35–2.94) |
| ≥ 5 | 5/31 | 16.1 | 0.76 | (0.23–2.57) |
| Unknown | 4/29 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.87 | |||
| Previous history of STD | ||||
| No | 15/92 | 16.3 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Yes | 5/17 | 29.4 | 2.19 | (0.67–7.16) |
| Unknown | 6/34 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.20 | |||
| Hormonal contraceptive use | ||||
| Never | 10/26 | 38.5 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Ever | 12/88 | 13.6 | 0.24 | (0.09–0.67) |
| Unknown | 4/29 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.005 | |||
| Tobacco smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 7/33 | 21.2 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Ex-smoker | 5/20 | 25.0 | 1.21 | (0.32–4.52) |
| Current smoker | 10/66 | 15.2 | 0.65 | (0.22–1.96) |
| Unknown | 4/24 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.55 | |||
| Cytology results at pregnancy | ||||
| Normal-ASCUS | 21/121 | 17.4 | 1.0 | Reference |
| LSIL-HSIL | 3/17 | 17.6 | 1.04 | (0.27–3.98) |
| Unknown | 2/5 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.98 | |||
| Mother's HPV status at pregnancy | ||||
| Negative | 13/77 | 16.9 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Positive | 13/66 | 19.7 | 1.25 | (0.53–2.94) |
| Chi-square p-value | 0.66 | |||
| Mother's HPV status at post-partum visit | ||||
| Negative | 12/93 | 12.9 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Positive | 8/25 | 32.0 | 3.22 | (1.14–9.10) |
| Unknown | 6/25 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.02 | |||
| Mother's HPV status at pregnancy and/or post-partum visit | ||||
| Negative at both visits | 10/65 | 15.4 | 1.0 | Reference |
| Positive at either visit | 7/43 | 16.3 | 1.09 | (0.38–3.14) |
| Positive at both visits | 7/24 | 29.2 | 2.33 | (0.76–7.10) |
| Unknown | 2/11 | |||
| Chi-square p-value | 0.30 |
Models were adjusted by age group (≤ 28, 29–33, ≥ 34). No association was found with fetal stress at delivery, parity, duration and intensity of smoking, child's sex, no. of sex partners before or after 20 years of age or history of genital warts.