Table 2.

Effects of roflumilast on TNFα, IL-13, TGFβ, CTGF, αI(I)collagen and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression following bleomycin in mice

	TNFα		IL-13	TGFβ		CTGF	αI(I)collagen	ET-1
	mRNA (lung)	Protein (BALF)	Protein (BALF)	mRNA (lung)	Protein (BALF)	mRNA (lung)	mRNA (lung)	mRNA (lung)
Control	1.0 ± 0.2	25.7 ± 6.8	4.4 ± 0.9	1.1 ± 0.3	18.2 ± 10.9	1.1 ± 0.05	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.1
BLM	2.2 ± 0.2#	76.8 ± 12.1#	12.3 ± 1.4#	6.2 ± 0.7#	107.3 ± 18#	4.6 ± 0.8#	3.3 ± 0.7#	4.1 ± 0.4#
BLM + ROF1	1.2 ± 0.2*	45.4 ± 1.2*	8.4 ± 1.0*	3.8 ± 1*	56 ± 16.5*	2.3 ± 0.8*	1.8 ± 0.4*	2.2 ± 0.5*
BLM + ROF5	0.9 ± 0.4*	40.9 ± 9*	7.4 ± 1.3*	2.7 ± 0.3*	39 ± 10.1*	1.5 ± 0.6*	1.4 ± 0.2*	2.0 ± 0.4*

Roflumilast was administered at 1 or 5 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (ROF1 or ROF5) p.o. from day 1 to 14 after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (day 1, 3.75 U·kg⁻¹) (preventive protocol). TNFα, IL-13 or TGFβ1 proteins were measured in BALF using ELISA. mRNA expression of TNFα, TGFβ1, CTGF, αI(I)collagen, ET-1 was measured in lung extracts by real-time quantitative PCR. Data shown are the means ± SEM of six (protein) or three to four (mRNA) animals. TNFα, IL-13 and TGFβ1 proteins are given in pg·mL⁻¹, and mRNA as relative expression (i.e. x-fold change over control).

^#P < 0.05 from control;

^*P < 0.05 from bleomycin. Baseline expression remained unaffected by roflumilast (not shown).

CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; IL-13, interleukin-13; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α.