Table 2.

Relations of long-chain n-3 fatty acid and fish intake and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation

	EPA + DHA		Non-fried fish		Fried fish
Markers	Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted	Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted	Age-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted
Log CD40L (ng/mL) *	-0.23 (0.54)	0.42 (0.27)	-0.08 (0.57)	0.17 (0.24)	-0.49 (0.04)	-0.11 (0.68)
Log hsCRP (mg/L)**	-1.24 (<0.01)	-0.24 (0.31)	-0.38 (<0.01)	-0.17 (0.03)	0.74 (<0.01)	0.16 (0.35)
Log IL-6 (pg/mL)***	-0.88 (<0.01)	-0.37 (<0.01)	-0.28 (<0.01)	-0.16 (<0.01)	0.29 (<0.01)	-0.07 (0.46)
Log E-selectin (ng/mL)*	-0.31 (0.24)	0.07 (0.79)	-0.13 (0.19)	0.01 (0.88)	0.16 (0.36)	0.08 (0.66)
Log fibrinogen (mg/dL) ****	-0.09 (0.03)	-0.05 (0.24)	-0.04 (<0.01)	-0.03 (0.84)	0.06 (0.06)	-0.01 (0.80)
Log sTNF-R1 (pg/mL) *	-0.53 (<0.01)	-0.26 (0.06)	-0.09 (0.07)	-0.05 (0.31)	-0.11 (0.22)	-0.09 (0.35)
Log sICAM-1 (ng/mL) *****	-0.55 (<0.01)	-0.16 (0.06)	-0.08 (<0.01)	0.01 (0.96)	-0.24 (<0.01)	-0.17 (0.01)
Log MMP3 (ng/mL) *	-0.79 (0.02)	-0.69 (0.03)	-0.14 (0.25)	-0.18 (0.12)	0.02 (0.92)	-0.05 (0.81)
Log MMP9 (ng/mL) *	-0.31 (0.29)	0.50 (0.11)	0.09 (0.41)	0.16 (0.14)	-0.23 (0.22)	-0.07 (0.74)

Values are β coefficients (P-values);

Non-fried fish includes broiled, steamed, baked or raw fish.

Adjusted for age, race, gender, household income, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, aspirin use, NSAID use, alcohol consumption, and intakes of saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, α-linolenic acid, trans-fatty acids and total energy. For fish consumption, additionally adjusted for either fried fish or non-fried fish.

^*Biomarker available in: n=860,

^**Biomarker available in: n=5677,

^***Biomarker available in: n=5569,

^****Biomarker available in: n=5676,

^*****Biomarker available in: n=226