(a) Velocity of red blood cell (RBC) flow in Sham animals remained unchanged throughout 180 min of observation, although there was a significant increase in velocity in preconditioned animals prior to ischemia reperfusion injury (RIPC+IRI) as compared with IRI at 30, 60 and 120 min of reperfusion. Values expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 (RIPC+IR/IR). **P < 0.05 (RIPC+IR/Sham). •, P < 0.05 (Sham/IR). +, P < 0.05 (Sham/RIPC+Sham). (b) Sinusoidal flow: V × (D/2)2 ×π= V is velocity of RBC, D is sinusoidal diameter. There was a significantly better flow in preconditioned animals (RIPC+IRI) as compared with non-preconditioned (IR). Values expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 (RIPC+IR/IR). **P < 0.05 (RIPC+IR/Sham). •, P < 0.05 (Sham/IR)