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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychol Rev. 2008 Feb 29;18(1):53–69. doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9052-3

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Tulving’s SPI (serial-parallel-independent) model (1995). This model comprises five systems: an action system (procedural memory) and four systems of representation. The latter’s organization depends on the processes: encoding is serial, from the PRS upwards, storage takes place in parallel in the different systems and information retrieval takes place independently of retrieval from the other systems.