Cooperative binding between ResD and Fnr on the regulatory regions of the fnr, resDE, plcR, hbl, and nhe genes. Cooperativity between ResD and Fnr was analyzed by EMSA. Increasing amounts of ResD were incubated with labeled DNA fragments (1,000 cpm) corresponding to the fnr (A), resDE (B), plcR (C), hbl1 (D), hbl2 (E), and nhe (F) regulatory regions in the presence of 0.6 μM of Fnr. FD indicates the Fnr-DNA complex, and FRD indicates the Fnr-ResD-DNA ternary complex.