Table 2.

Recent literature evaluating antiretroviral therapy use and risk of non-AIDS-defining malignancies

Author	Design	N	Subjects	Country	Cancer	Exposure	Results
Silverberg [32**]	RCT	5,472	HIV(+)	33 countries representing Asia; Africa; Australia; New Zealand; N. and S. America	Any NADM	ART duration	No significant association (p>0.05)
Bruyand [33**]	Cohort	4,194	HIV(+)	France	Any NADM	ART duration	No significant association (p>0.05)
Crum-Cianflone [34**]	Cohort	2,499	HIV(+)	USA	Any NADM	Nelfinavir or Indinavir use	No significant association (p>0.05)
Patel [22**]	Cohort	54,780	HIV(+)	USA	Multiple subtypes	Any ART use	Breast: RR=0.4; p=0.013 Colorectal: RR=0.5; p=0.027 Lung: RR=0.5; p<0.003 No significant association for other cancers (p>0.05)
Hessol [24*]	Registry match	14,210	AIDS	USA	Multiple subtypes	Current ART use	Liver: HR=0.3 (95% CI=0.1–0.9) All other cancers not significant (p>0.05)
Serraino [35*]	Cohort	10,949	HIV(+) and organ transplant recipients	France; Italy	Multiple subtypes	Any ART use	ART users and non users had similar risks for head and neck, liver, lung, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and any NADM
Steigbigel [36]	RCT	703	HIV(+)	Countries representing Asia; Australia; Europe; Peru; N. America; S. America	Multiple subtypes	Raltegravir use	No significant association (p>0.05)
D'Souza [37**]	Cohort	6,972	HIV(+) and HIV(−) MSM	USA	Anal	Current ART use	No significant association (p>0.05)
Piketty [26**]	Cohort	86,322	HIV(+)	France	Anal	Any ART use	HR=1.7 (95% CI=1.1–2.8)
Kirk [28**]	Cohort	2,086	HIV(+) and HIV(−) IDU	USA	Lung (fatal)	Any ART use	No significant association (p>0.05)
Crum-Cianflone [30]	Cohort	4,507	HIV(+)	USA	Skin	Any ART use	No significant association (p>0.05)

ART, antiretroviral therapy; HR, hazard ratio; MSM, men who have sex with men; IDU, injection drug users; NADM, non-AIDS-defining malignancy; RR, risk ratio