Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (n = 540)
| Socio-demographic | |||
| -Age (mean, SD, range) | 77.6 | 4.8 | 70 – 92 |
| -Female (n, %) | 388 | 72% | |
| -Low education (n, %)1 | 338 | 63% | |
| -Living alone (n, %) | 295 | 55% | |
| Health-related | |||
| -Activity of daily living (mean, SD, range)2 | 17.3 | 4.5 | 11 – 40 |
| -Impaired vision (mean, SD, range)2 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 2 – 8 |
| -Impaired hearing (mean, SD, range)2 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 2 – 7 |
| -Poor/fair perceived general health (n, %) | 375 | 69% | |
| -Number of chronic conditions (mean, SD, range) | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0 – 9 |
| -Cognitive functioning (mean, SD, range)3 | 32.0 | 3.8 | 16 – 40 |
| -One or more falls in previous six months (n, %) | 298 | 55% | |
| Psychosocial | |||
| -General self-efficacy (mean, SD, range)3 | 54.2 | 11.1 | 16 – 80 |
| -Mastery (mean, SD, range)3 | 21.2 | 4.6 | 9 – 35 |
| -Social support interactions (mean, SD, range)3 | 29.5 | 6.7 | 12 – 48 |
| -Feelings of loneliness (n, % all the time/mostly/often) | 91 | 17% | |
| -Feelings of anxiety (mean, SD, range)2 | 7.4 | 4.5 | 0 – 21 |
| -Symptoms of depression (mean, SD, range)2 | 6.8 | 4.0 | 0 – 19 |
| Fear of falling | |||
| - Mild (n, %) | 298 | 55% | |
| - Severe (n, %) | 242 | 45% | |
| Avoidance of activity | |||
| - Mild (n, %) | 315 | 58% | |
| - Severe (n, %) | 225 | 42% | |
1 Low education refers to elementary school, junior high school or lower vocational level. 2 Higher level refers to poorer functioning. 3 Higher level refers to better functioning