Table 4.
Multivariate Logistic Regressions for Crisis Intervention Exposures at Baseline Predicting Outcomes at 2-Year follow-up, Controlling for Demographic, Stress/Risk, and Resource Variables.
|
Binge Drinking OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol Dependence OR (95% CI) |
Sub-Clinical (partial) PTSD OR (95% CI) |
Major Depression OR (95% CI) |
BSI-18 Somatization OR (95% CI) |
BSI-18 Anxiety OR (95% CI) |
BSI-18 Global Severity OR (95% CL) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief Crisis Sessions | |||||||
| None (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| 1 Time | 0.42 (0.17−1.03) | 0.09 (0.01−0.82)* | 0.89 (0.28−2.87) | 1.21 (0.36−4.02) | 0.45 (0.15−1.28) | 0.52 (0.08−3.23) | 0.66 (0.10−4.38) |
| 2−3 Times | 0.26 (0.08−0.85)* | 0.19 (0.02−1.56) | 0.36 (0.13−0.98)* | 0.23 (0.07−0.71)* | 0.36 (0.15−0.88)* | 0.17 (0.05−0.61)** | 0.30 (0.09−0.99)* |
| 4 or more times |
0.61 (0.18−2.05) |
0.67 (0.11−4.18) |
1.32 (0.46−3.73) |
1.32 (0.40−4.42) |
1.05 (0.31−3.62) |
1.36 (0.38−4.90) |
1.51 (0.40−5.67) |
| Demographic Variables | |||||||
| Age | |||||||
| 18−29 | 3.27 (1.57−6.81)** | 0.97 (0.24−3.86) | 1.06 (0.35−3.21) | 1.26 (0.53−3.01) | 0.10 (0.04−0.28)*** | 0.60 (0.20−1.82) | 0.24 (0.09−0.66)** |
| 30−44 | 2.49 (1.24−5.00)* | 1.10 (0.31−3.90) | 3.52 (1.53−8.09)** | 3.34 (1.61−6.93)*** | 0.52 (0.29−1.03) | 2.32 (0.94−5.71) | 0.76 (0.35−1.64) |
| 45−64 | 1.82 (0.91−3.62) | 1.19 (0.36−3.92) | 2.79 (1.26−6.17)* | 2.73 (1.35−5.58)** | 1.02 (0.55−1.88) | 2.51 (1.04−6.03)* | 1.39 (0.68−2.84) |
| 65+ (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Education | |||||||
| Non-Grad (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| College Graduate | 0.84 (0.56−1.25) | 1.93 (0.95−3.92) | 1.22 (0.74−2.00) | 0.85 (0.56−1.29) | 0.65 (0.39−1.06) | 0.52 (0.33−0.83)** | 0.39(0.23−0.66)*** |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Female | 0.29 (0.20−0.43)*** | 0.32 (0.16−0.63)*** | 1.38 (0.86−2.22) | 0.90 (0.60−1.33) | 1.63 (1.03−2.56)* | 0.93 (0.58−1.49) | 0.61 (0.38−1.00) |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Not Married (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Married | 0.93 (0.64−1.35) | 0.59 (0.28−1.23) | 0.80 (0.50−1.27) | 0.93 (0.62−1.39) | 0.66 (0.43−1.03) | 0.74 (0.45−1.24) | 0.70 (0.43−1.16) |
| Race | |||||||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| African American | 0.78 (0.47−1.29) | 2.54 (1.00−6.45) | 1.46 (0.79−2.71) | 1.37 (0.82−2.30) | 1.77 (1.04−3.08)* | 1.16 (0.63−2.11) | 1.34 (0.71−2.52) |
| Latino | 1.86 (1.16−2.96)* | 5.10 (1.78−14.58)** | 2.97 (1.58−5.57)*** | 2.42 (1.42−4.14)*** | 3.24 (1.90−5.54)*** | 3.36 (1.93−5.86)*** | 4.28 (2.40−7.62)*** |
| Other |
0.94 (0.43−2.06) |
2.22 (0.43−11.68) |
0.74 (0.34−1.60) |
0.60 (0.27−1.32) |
1.30 (0.55−3.05) |
1.62 (0.67−3.91) |
2.67 (1.11−6.40)* |
| Stress/Risk Variables | |||||||
| Exposure to WTCD | |||||||
| Low (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Moderate | 1.48 (0.90−2.41) | 1.09 (0.41−2.89) | 1.30 (0.67−2.47) | 1.67 (0.96−2.90) | 0.85 (0.49−1.46) | 0.99 (0.53−1.85) | 1.26 (0.69−2.28) |
| High | 1.80 (1.03−3.13)* | 1.84 (0.63−5.30) | 1.73 (0.85−3.55) | 2.08 (1.12−3.88)* | 1.02 (0.54−1.94) | 1.49 (0.75−2.94) | 2.15 (1.07−4.30)* |
| Very High | 1.53 (0.80−2.92) | 2.16 (0.66−7.06) | 2.86 (1.30−6.29)** | 4.28 (2.10−8.70)*** | 2.34 (1.19−4.61)* | 2.57 (1.17−5.64)* | 4.17 (1.95−8.92)*** |
| Lifetime Trauma | |||||||
| 0 events (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| 1 event | 0.97 (0.58−1.62) | 1.44 (0.51−4.10) | 1.57 (0.74−3.30) | 1.05 (0.55−1.98) | 0.99 (0.53−1.85) | 1.22 (0.64−2.34) | 1.01 (0.52−1.94) |
| 2−3 events | 1.24 (0.76−2.03) | 2.28 (0.76−6.85) | 2.87 (1.50−5.51)** | 1.60 (0.95−2.69) | 1.67 (0.94−2.96) | 1.68 (0.90−3.14) | 0.97 (0.52−1.81) |
| 4+ events | 1.34 (0.79−2.28) | 2.82 (0.96−8.26) | 3.28 (1.64−6.58)*** | 1.64 (0.93−2.90) | 1.28 (0.69−2.37) | 1.42 (0.70−2.90) | 0.97 (0.47−2.00) |
| Lifetime Depression | |||||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Yes |
1.06 (0.69−1.63) |
1.61 (0.73−3.54) |
2.63 (1.64−4.25)*** |
3.72 (2.45−5.67)*** |
2.36 (1.50−3.70)*** |
3.12 (1.92−5.09)*** |
3.77 (2.28−6.23)*** |
| Resource Variables | |||||||
| Social Support | |||||||
| Low (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Moderate | 0.98 (0.64−1.52) | 1.47 (0.63−3.46) | 0.83 (0.51−1.35) | 0.77 (0.50−1.20) | 0.58 (0.37−0.89)* | 0.49 (0.30−0.81)** | 0.39 (0.24−0.62)*** |
| High | 0.76 (0.48−1.23) | 3.26 (1.29−8.25)* | 0.50 (0.25−0.97)* | 0.71 (0.43−1.19) | 0.53 (0.30−0.95)* | 0.42 (0.23−0.78)** | 0.54 (0.29−1.00) |
| Self-Esteem | |||||||
| Low (Ref) | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — | 1.00 — |
| Moderate | 0.58 (0.35−0.94)* | 0.60 (0.24−1.52) | 0.69 (0.39−1.22) | 0.34 (0.21−0.56)*** | 0.83 (0.50−1.38) | 0.43 (0.24−0.76)** | 0.45 (0.26−0.77)** |
| High | 0.74 (0.47−1.15) | 0.61 (0.25−1.45) | 0.42 (0.23−0.74)** | 0.26 (0.16−0.43)*** | 0.36 (0.22−0.60) | 0.20 (0.11−0.38)*** | 0.17 (0.09−0.33)*** |
NOTE:
*
p <.05
**
p <.01
***
p <.001.
OR = odds ration, CI = confidence interval, Ref = reference group.