Table 1.
Paracellular permeability changes due to cytokine treatment. IFN-γ, interferon gamma; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; LIGHT, lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry on T cells; *, transepithelial resistance; #, small molecule flux; HUVECs, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells; BPAEC, bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell; Caco-2, human colonic adenocarcinoma; UEC, uterine epithelial cells; T84, human colonic epithelial cells; Calu-3, human lung epithelial cells; MVEC, microvascular endothelial cells; PAC, primary airway cells; LLC-PK1, porcine renal epithelial cells; ↔, change in localization; ↓, decrease protein or mRNA levels; ↑, increased protein or mRNA levels; Unkn, unknown; JAM-A, junctional adhesion molecule A; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase; ZO-1, zonula occludins 1; ROCK, Rho associated kinase.
| CYTOKINE | PERMEABILITY | CELLS | MECHANISM |
|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-γ | Increased*# | T84 | Actin reorganization, ↓ ZO-1[21] |
| Decrease* # | Calu-3 | Unkn[14] | |
| - | T84 | myosin II-dependent vacuolarization, MLC/Rho/ROCK[25] | |
| Increase* # | T84 | ↔JAM-A, occludin, claudins1/4[22] | |
| Increase* # | T84 | Unkn[17, 86] | |
| Increase* | MVECs | Actin structure [20] | |
| Increase*# | Cholangiocytes | Unkn[60] | |
| Increase* | HUVECs | ↓Occludin, ↓E-Cadherin [27] | |
| TNFα | Increase# | HUVECs | ↓Occludin, ↔claudin 5 and JAM-A [40] |
| Increase# | BPAEC | Actin restructuring[107] | |
| Increase* | Caco-2 | Unkn[108] | |
| Increase* | Caco-2 | NF-κB, MLCK[38] | |
| Increase* # | Caco-2 | NF-κB, ↓ZO-1[36] | |
| Decrease* | UEC | Unkn[32] | |
| Decrease* | LLC-PK1 | Unkn[31] | |
| Increase* # | HT29/B6 | Lowered TJ complexity[99] | |
| Increase* # | MVEC | Actin restructuring [20] | |
| Increase* # | LLC-PK1 | Apoptosis [34] | |
| Increase*# | LLC-PK1 | Unkn[33] | |
| Increase*# | cholangiocytes | Unkn[60] | |
| IFN-γ+TNF-α | - | HEC | Unkn[6], ↔JAM-A[40] |
| Increase* | PAC | Unkn[2] | |
| Increase* # | T84 | Unkn[43], ↓Claudin 2,3 ↔Claudin 4[41] | |
| Increase* | T84 | Altered lipid composition[46] | |
| Increase* # | T84/Caco-2 | MLC/MLCK[42] | |
| Increase* # | Caco-2 | MLCK[44] | |
| Increased# | MVECs | ↔Claudin 5 [45] | |
| IFN-γ +LIGHT | Increased* | Caco-2 | MLCK, caveolar endocytosis[47] |