TABLE 1.
Patient Characteristics
| AION (5) | PION (17) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases and Reference |
Dilger 1998 Katz 1994 (3 patients) Stevens 1997 |
Abraham 2003 Alexandrakis 1999 Brown 1994 Dunker 2002 (5 patients) Katz 1994 Lee 2001,Lee 1995 Murphy 2003 Roth 1997 (2 patients) Stevens 1997 (3 patients) |
||
| Patient demographics | ||||
| % male | 40 | 71 | ||
| Median age (yr) | 53 | 43 | ||
| Age range (yr) | 41–65 | 12–79 | ||
| Surgery location | ||||
| Cervical | 0% | 6% | ||
| Thoracic | 0% | 24% | ||
| Lumbar | 100% | 82% | ||
|
Mean |
Range |
Mean |
Range |
|
| Perioperative events | ||||
| Operative time (min) | 522 (5) | 360–720 | 456 (13) | 180–600 |
| Preop mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 91 (1) | 95 (6) | 73–106 | |
| Intraop lowest mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 66 (2) | 62–78 | 64 (6) | 52–85 |
| Preop hemoglobin | 15 (4) | 14–16.4 | 13 (4) | 9.9–15.6 |
| Postop lowest hemoglobin | 9.5 (4) | 8–11.7 | 11 (4) | 10.6–12 |
| % change hemoglobin | −39 (4) | −24–48 | −22 (3) | −17–27 |
| Intraop lowest hemotocrit (%) | 32 (1) | 27 (10) | 21–39 | |
| Preop hematocrit (%) | NR | 42 (9) | 32–50 | |
| Postop lowest hematocrit (%) | 28 (1) | 29 (11) | 21–40 | |
| % change hematocrit | NR | −34 (9) | −20–50 | |
| Blood loss (L) | 1.7 (5) | 0.5–3 | 5 (11) | 0.4–16 |
| Blood transfused (L) | 0.9 (3) | 0.5–1.1 | 1.5 (11) | 0.4–4 |
| Volume crystalloids/colloid (L) | 6.6/0.8 (4) | 3.8–10/0.5–1 | 8.0/2.2 (9) | 4–14/1.5–3.5 |
| Preoperative history | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 20% | 0% | ||
| Hypertension | 40% | 53% | ||
| Chronic anemia | 0% | 0% | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 60% | 27% | ||
| Carotid disease/prior stroke | 0% | 0% | ||
| Ocular disease | 0% | 6% | ||
| Obesity | 20% | 12% | ||
| Other | 40% | 29% | ||
| No significant history/not indicated |
20% | 24% | ||
| Vascular risk factors | ||||
| No risk factors/not indicated | 20% | 47% | ||
| 1 risk factor | 60% | 29% | ||
| 2 risk factors | 0% | 24% | ||
| 3 risk factors | 20% | 0% | ||
| 4 risk factors | 0% | 0% | ||
| Time of symptoms | ||||
| Upon awakening | 0% | 59% | ||
| Within 24 hours | 40% | 29% | ||
| Postop day 2–5 | 20% | 12% | ||
| Postop day 5–9 | 20% | 0% | ||
| >Postop day 9 | 20% | 0% | ||
| Ocular findings | ||||
| Pupil | ||||
| Afferent pupil defect | 100% | 33% | ||
| Non-reactive pupil | 0% | 12% | ||
| Funduscopy | ||||
| Disc edema | 100% | 0% | ||
| Normal | 0% | 100% | ||
| Hemorrhage | 20% | 0% | ||
| Cherry-red macula | 0% | 0% | ||
| Retinal ischemia | 0% | 0% | ||
| Visual defects | ||||
| Altitudinal defects | 0% | 27% | ||
| Central scotoma | 0% | 6% | ||
| Vision loss | ||||
| Monocular involvement | 60% | 53% | ||
| Binocular involvement | 40% | 47% | ||
| % both eyes involvement equal | 20% | 24% | ||
| Postoperative care | ||||
| % receiving intervention | 20% (1) | 29% (5) | ||
| Outcomes | ||||
| Some improvement at follow-up | 60% | 65% | ||
| No improvement at follow-up | 20% | 24% | ||
| Worsening at follow-up | 0% | 0% | ||
| Not indicated | 20% | 6% | ||
| % intervention with improvement | 100% (1) | 80% (5) | ||
| % no intervention with improvement | 33% (2) | 58% (7) | ||