Table 1.

Multivariate logistic regression analyses of the association between smoking status and incident metabolic syndrome

	MetS(+) vs. MetS(−)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	n	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Nonsmokers	202/2,326		1		1		1
New smokers	16/210	0.76 (0.43–1.33)	0.336	0.73 (0.41–1.30)	0.286	0.85 (0.48–1.51)	0.576
Ex-smokers	85/411	2.43 (1.80–3.29)	<0.001	2.65 (1.93–3.64)	<0.001	1.87 (1.37–2.56)	<0.001
Sustained smokers	179/1,113	1.68 (1.33–2.12)	<0.001	1.84 (1.44–2.35)	<0.001	1.54 (1.21–1.95)	0.001
Amount of smoking
<10 cigarettes/day	31/230	1.45 (0.94–2.25)	0.093	1.59 (1.01–2.52)	0.047	1.31 (0.84–2.05)	0.242
10–19 cigarettes/day	113/726	1.67 (1.27–2.18)	<0.001	1.82 (1.37–2.41)	<0.001	1.53 (1.15–2.02)	0.003
≥20 cigarettes/day	35/157	2.16 (1.39–3.37)	<0.001	2.37 (1.48–3.79)	<0.001	1.90 (1.21–3.00)	0.006
Duration of smoking
<10 years	19/158	1.31 (0.76–2.26)	0.332	1.39 (0.79–2.45)	0.255	1.38 (0.79–2.39)	0.258
10–19 years	89/565	1.61 (1.20–2.17)	<0.001	1.70 (1.25–2.32)	0.001	1.48 (1.09–2.02)	0.012
>20 years	71/390	1.93 (1.39–2.67)	<0.001	2.23 (1.58–3.14)	<0.001	1.66 (1.18–2.33)	0.004

The reference category is nonsmokers. Weight change was expressed as a continuous variable in kilograms. Model 1 was adjusted for age, baseline weight, lifestyle status (alcohol and exercise), and the number of components of the metabolic syndrome. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 and other risk factors including LDL cholesterol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Model 3 was adjusted for model 1 and weight change. MetS, metabolic syndrome.