Table 1.
Means (or proportions) of demographic, lifestyle, and type 2 diabetes–related factors by quartile of oxidative stress markers*
| 2000–2001 variable (except where indicated) | Quartiles of year 15 F2Isop |
Quartiles of year 15 oxLDL |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | P trend | 1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | P trend | |
| n | 693 | 693 | 695 | 693 | 652 | 650 | 652 | 652 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 40.3 ± 3.5 | 40.2 ± 3.5 | 40.2 ± 3.6 | 40.0 ± 3.7 | 0.2 | 40.1 ± 3.6 | 40.2 ± 3.6 | 40.2 ± 3.5 | 40.2 ± 3.7 | 0.9 |
| White (%) | 58.3 | 55.8 | 57.8 | 54.6 | 0.4 | 62.0 | 56.6 | 55.8 | 53.2 | 0.01 |
| Men (%) | 57.1 | 56.0 | 46.3 | 22.4 | <0.0001 | 35.7 | 39.9 | 50.8 | 55.5 | <0.0001 |
| Education (grade of school completed) | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 15.1 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 14.7 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 | 15.4 ± 2.6 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 14.8 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||||
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 9.2 ± 24.8 | 10.3 ± 18.2 | 12.3 ± 24.0 | 13.1 ± 33.1 | 0.05 | 11.5 ± 21.5 | 9.9 ± 20.0 | 11.9 ± 31.3 | 12.0 ± 28.5 | 0.6 |
| Physical activity (exercise units) | 399 ± 295 | 394 ± 295 | 357 ± 286 | 286 ± 253 | <0.0001 | 382 ± 289 | 354.4 ± 283 | 364 ± 292 | 339 ± 270 | 0.01 |
| Current smoker (%) | 14.5 | 19.5 | 21.9 | 25.4 | <0.0001 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 22.0 | 0.5 |
| Body fat components | ||||||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.4 ± 12.3 | 86.7 ± 11.8 | 87.7 ± 13.1 | 91.6 ± 14.3 | <0.0001 | 81.9 ± 12.1 | 86.3 ± 13.1 | 89.4 ± 12.3 | 93.7 ± 12.0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.7 | 27.0 ± 4.7 | 27.9 ± 5.9 | 31.0 ± 7.2 | <0.0001 | 25.9 ± 5.4 | 27.9 ± 6.4 | 28.5 ± 5.5 | 29.9 ± 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| Estimated body fat (%) | 29.6 ± 8.6 | 30.7 ± 9.2 | 33.3 ± 10.1 | 40.3 ± 10.5 | <0.0001 | 31.9 ± 9.9 | 33.9 ± 10.8 | 33.5 ± 10.6 | 34.5 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 |
| Oxidative stress markers | ||||||||||
| ln (F2Isop) (ng/l) | 3.47 ± 0.2 | 3.81 ± 0.1 | 4.09 ± 0.1 | 4.58 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 3.98 ± 0.5 | 4.00 ± 0.4 | 3.98 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.7 |
| ln (oxLDL) (units/l) | 4.32 ± 0.3 | 4.36 ± 0.3 | 4.32 ± 0.4 | 4.33 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.89 ± 0.2 | 4.25 ± 0.1 | 4.47 ± 0.1 | 4.73 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| ln (sum of five carotenoids) (μg/dl)†‡ | 4.74 ± 0.4 | 4.64 ± 0.4 | 4.55 ± 0.4 | 4.41 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 4.63 ± 0.4 | 4.59 ± 0.4 | 4.58 ± 0.4 | 4.54 ± 0.4 | 0.0002 |
| ln (ascorbic acid) (μg/dl) | 2.29 ± 0.4 | 2.21 ± 0.4 | 2.15 ± 0.5 | 2.10 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 2.22 ± 0.5 | 2.22 ± 0.4 | 2.16 ± 0.5 | 2.16 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| ln (α-tocopherol) (μg/dl)‡ | 0.84 ± 0.1 | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 0.76 ± 0.1 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.79 ± 0.2 | 0.78 ± 0.2 | 0.77 ± 0.2 | 0.78 ± 0.2 | 0.08 |
| ln (γ-tocopherol) (μg/dl)‡ | 0.19 ± 0.1 | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.22 ± 0.1 | 0.24 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.22 ± 0.1 | 0.008 |
| HOMA-IR (μU · l−1 · mmol−1 · l−1) | ||||||||||
| ln (HOMA-IR) at year 0 | 1.09 ± 0.3 | 1.11 ± 0.3 | 1.11 ± 0.3 | 1.14 ± 0.3 | 0.0008 | 1.06 ± 0.3 | 1.12 ± 0.3 | 1.12 ± 0.3 | 1.15 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| ln (HOMA-IR) at year 7 | 1.26 ± 0.4 | 1.26 ± 0.3 | 1.27 ± 0.3 | 1.33 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 1.17 ± 0.3 | 1.28 ± 0.4 | 1.28 ± 0.3 | 1.38 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| ln (HOMA-IR) at year 10 | 1.23 ± 0.3 | 1.26 ± 0.3 | 1.27 ± 0.4 | 1.33 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 1.17 ± 0.3 | 1.26 ± 0.3 | 1.29 ± 0.4 | 1.36 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| ln (HOMA-IR) at year 15 | 1.24 ± 0.4 | 1.27 ± 0.4 | 1.31 ± 0.4 | 1.40 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 1.14 ± 0.3 | 1.28 ± 0.4 | 1.34 ± 0.4 | 1.46 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| ln (HOMA-IR) at year 20 | 1.31 ± 0.4 | 1.35 ± 0.4 | 1.38 ± 0.4 | 1.43 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 1.22 ± 0.4 | 1.34 ± 0.4 | 1.37 ± 0.4 | 1.52 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*All variables were measured at year 15, except as indicated.
†Sum of five carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene.
‡Adjusted for year 15 HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (25).