TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of FinnDiane study participants, stratified according to UAE*
| Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | ESKD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2,296 | 504 | 578 | 293 |
| Age (years) | 36 ± 12 | 38 ± 12* | 41 ± 10* | 44 ± 8* |
| Male sex | 1,088 (47) | 296 (59)† | 338 (58)† | 178 (61)† |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 20 ± 12 | 26 ± 11* | 29 ± 8* | 32 ± 8* |
| Insulin dose (IU/kg) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| Insulin injections/day | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0* | 4.2 ± 1.0* |
| A1C (%) | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 8.8 ± 1.5* | 9.0 ± 1.5* | 8.6 ± 1.6 |
| Estimated glucose disposal rate (mg · kg−1 · min−1)‡ | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 5.1 ± 2.0* | 4.0 ± 1.6* | 4.0 ± 1.6* |
| Hypertension | 1,344 (59) | 444 (88) | 557 (96) | 288 (97) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 ± 15 | 136 ± 16* | 145 ± 20* | 153 ± 25* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 9 | 80 ± 10* | 83 ± 10* | 86 ± 13* |
| Medication use | ||||
| ACE inhibition | 204 (9) | 271 (54)† | 425 (75)† | 61 (21) |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 44 (2) | 42 (8)† | 75 (13)† | 31 (5)† |
| Calcium channel blocker | 60 (3) | 40 (8)† | 208 (36)† | 163 (56)† |
| β-Blocker | 90 (4) | 46 (9)† | 190 (33)† | 188 (64)† |
| Other antihypertensive agents | 64 (3) | 48 (10)† | 282 (49)† | 170 (58)† |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 135 (6) | 49 (10)† | 137 (23)† | 76 (26)† |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.2 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.1* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.9* |
| Any retinopathy | 889 (39) | 382 (76)† | 547 (95)† | 290 (99)† |
| Retinopathy requiring laser therapy | 340 (15) | 241 (48)† | 460 (80)† | 288 (97)† |
| Current smoker | 491 (21) | 153 (30) | 164 (29) | 49 (16) |
| Established macrovascular disease | 88 (4) | 37 (7)† | 105 (18)† | 138 (47)† |
| Estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 73 (3) | 45 (9)† | 354 (61)† | N/A |
Data are the means ± SD or n (% deaths). To convert values for cholesterol to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.2586.
*P value versus patients with normoalbuminuria <0.05, calculated by Student's t test;
†P value versus patients with normoalbuminuria <0.05, calculated by χ2;
‡a measure of insulin sensitivity using the formula proposed by Williams et al. (43). ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.