A: Dose-response functions for actual cocaine (open circles), virtual cocaine (filled circles), actual remifentanil (open squares), and virtual remifentanil (filled squares). For virtual cocaine, all pairs of doses (μg/kg) differed significantly. For remifentanil, all pairs differed significantly except 16 vs. 32. B: Response latencies. Within the virtual cocaine curve and within the virtual remifentanil curve, all pairs of doses were significantly different from each other except 30 vs. 100 and 100 vs. 300 for virtual cocaine. C: Drug intake. Within the virtual cocaine curve and within the virtual remifentanil curve, all pairs of points were significantly different from each other except 300 vs. 1000 for virtual cocaine. D: Mean drug level at the time of response. Horizontal lines represent thresholds. Within the virtual cocaine curve and within the virtual remifentanil curve, all pairs of points were significantly different from each other except 100 vs. 1000 and 300 vs. 1000 for virtual cocaine and 1 vs. 32 and 4 vs 32 for virtual remifentanil.