Table 2.
Returns to Paramedic Experience
| On-Scene Time |
Total Out-of-Hospital Time |
Dispatch Time |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firm-by-Contract | Paramedic | Firm-by-Contract | Paramedic | Paramedic | |||
| Cross-Section | Area Fixed Effects | Fixed Effects | Cross-Section | Area Fixed Effects | Fixed Effects | Fixed Effects | |
| Return to quarterly volume | −0.0300 | −0.0142 | −0.0137 | −0.0604 | −0.0385 | −0.0439 | 0.0020 |
| (91 days) | [0.0079]*** | [0.00506]*** | [0.00337]*** | [0.01546]*** | [0.01194]*** | [0.00747]*** | [0.00478] |
| [174,164 Obs.; 2,010 Paramedics] | |||||||
| Paramedic volume | −0.0409 | −0.0153 | −0.0142 | −0.0814 | −0.0379 | −0.0350 | 0.0055 |
| [0.01066]*** | [0.00026]*** | [0.00337]*** | [0.02159]*** | [0.01241]*** | [0.00721]*** | [0.00487] | |
| Firm volume | 0.0008 | 0.0007 | 0.0001 | 0.0016 | −0.0004 | −0.0017 | −0.0005 |
| [0.00022]*** | [0.00003]*** | [0.00019] | [0.00054]*** | [0.00072] | [0.00048]*** | [0.00019]*** | |
| [174,164 Obs.; 2,010 Paramedics] | |||||||
| First tenure quartile | −0.0078 | 0.0012 | −0.0045 | −0.0413 | −0.0264 | −0.0282 | 0.0077 |
| (Tenure <2 years) | [0.00549] | [0.00408] | [0.00465] | [0.01571]*** | [0.01248]** | [0.0087]*** | [0.00797] |
| Second tenure quartile | −0.0490 | −0.0289 | −0.0219 | −0.0812 | −0.0528 | −0.0439 | 0.0011 |
| (Tenure 2–4 years) | [0.00713]*** | [0.0054]*** | [0.00498]*** | [0.01328]*** | [0.01019]*** | [0.00895]*** | [0.00707] |
| Third tenure quartile | −0.0658 | −0.0364 | −0.0195 | −0.0962 | −0.0555 | −0.0465 | 0.0000 |
| (Tenure 4–6.2 years) | [0.0085]*** | [0.00589]*** | [0.00481]*** | [0.01614]*** | [0.01008]*** | [0.011]*** | [0.00793] |
| Fourth tenure quartile | −0.0715 | −0.0405 | −0.0208 | −0.0916 | −0.0525 | −0.0684 | −0.0056 |
| (Tenure above 6.2 years) | [0.01014]*** | [0.00768]*** | [0.00645]*** | [0.02009]*** | [0.0137]*** | [0.01569]*** | [0.01019] |
| [144,495 Obs.; 1,726 Paramedics] | |||||||
| Log cumulative volume | −0.7307 | −0.4626 | −0.4583 | −0.8536 | −0.4163 | −1.0077 | 0.1272 |
| (Excluding left-censored paramedics) | [0.07052]*** | [0.05706]*** | [0.13347]*** | [0.15366]*** | [0.08581]*** | [0.26716]*** | [0.16789] |
| [144,495 Obs.; 1,726 Paramedics] | |||||||
| Log cumulative volume | −0.6862 | −0.4134 | −0.5034 | −0.7627 | −0.3195 | −0.9388 | 0.1547 |
| (Including left-censored paramedics) | [0.06381]*** | [0.05143]*** | [0.1317]*** | [0.13967]*** | [0.07948]*** | [0.26608]*** | [0.17197] |
| [174,164 Obs.; 2,010 Paramedics] | |||||||
Notes: Standard errors are reported in brackets below the estimated coefficients, and are clustered at the paramedic level. *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. All models include controls for paramedic and driver certification levels, patient demographics, type of trauma, number of patients in incident, time and location of incident, injury characteristics, procedures performed, and class of firm responding to the incident. Patient demographics include indicators for race/ethnicity, for gender, and for 12 age categories. The types of trauma are falls, gunshot wounds, cuts or stabbings, assaults, motor vehicle crashes, and motorcycle and pedestrian accidents. The time of incidents includes indicators year, month, day of week, and eight hour-of-day categories. Locations of incidents include residences, city streets, county roads, and state or federal highways. Injury characteristics include 70 interactions of injured body part and injury type. Procedures performed by paramedics, each assigned an indicator in our models, are Oxygen Therapy, Airway, Cardiac Monitor, Cardioversion, CPR, Crisis Intervention, Extrication, Mast Applied, Mast Installed, OB Delivery, Spinal Immobilization, Splint Extremity, Suction, Ventilation, Wound Management, Assist Patient Nitroglycerin, Administer Activated Charcoal, Administer Glucose, AED, Obtain Venous Blood Sample, Defib, Drug Administration, Intubation–Oral, Intubation–Nasal, Intaosseous Infusion, Pacing, Pulse Oximetry, End-Tidal CO2 detection, Peak Expiratory Flow Testing, Tracheobronchial Sunctioning, Insertion of NG Tube, Insertion of OG Tube, Gastric Decompression, Transport Ventilation, Needle Cricothyrotomy, Blood Glucose Check, Attainment of 12-lead EKG, Vascular Access-Peripheral, Vascular Access-Jugular, Vascular Access-Central Port/VAD, Insertion of IO Line, and Needle Chest Decompression. The three broadly defined firm classes are [1] fire department based or small privately/locally owned providers, [2] hospital based, and [3] large private providers. On-scene time regressions also control for first-response time.