Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and lifetime rates of psychiatric disorders among never-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers
| Variable | Never-smokers (n = 472) | Former smokers (n = 311) | Current smokers (n = 324) | p value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Percent male | 44.1 | 26.4 | 32.7 | A, B |
| Age, year; M (SD) | 39.1 (1.89) | 39.3 (1.88) | 38.9 (1.79) | ns |
| Race, % | ||||
| White | 86.6 | 89.7 | 81.5 | C |
| Black | 8.7 | 4.2 | 8.6 | ns |
| Other | 4.7 | 6.1 | 9.9 | B |
| Education, % | ||||
| Less than high school | 2.1 | 4.2 | 11.7 | B, C |
| High school/GED | 13.3 | 15.1 | 27.5 | B, C |
| Some college | 40.9 | 52.1 | 48.8 | A |
| College | 43.6 | 28.6 | 12.0 | A, B, and C |
| Percent married | 69.7 | 69.8 | 37.7 | B, C |
| Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses | ||||
| Alcohol dependence | 6.3 | 12.7 | 20.7 | A, B, and C |
| Substance dependence | 4.8 | 15.1 | 25.3 | A, B, and C |
| Conduct disorder | 1.3 | 6.5 | 9.9 | A, B |
| Externalizing disordera | 11.1 | 22.6 | 35.3 | A, B, and C |
| Major depression | 22.1 | 28.9 | 33.4 | B |
| Any disorderb | 29.2 | 40.7 | 52.5 | A, B, and C |
Note. aHistory of alcohol dependence, substance dependence, or conduct disorder.
b
History of any externalizing disorder or major depressive disorder.
A = never vs. former, p < .01; B = never vs. current, p < .01; C = former vs. current, p < .01; GED = General Education Development test.