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Angiogenetic process in COPD. The angiogenetic pathway is stimulated when inflamed, hypoxic, or injured tissues produce and release different angiogenetic promoters. Loss of the pulmonary vascular bed has been suggested to lead to the formation of new vessels comprising lung tissue remodeling-like changes in mucosal tissue, fiber types and/or fibrosis, pulmonary and systemic inflammation, lung vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis.
