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. 2009 Jun 22;106(27):11276–11281. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902366106

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Hepatic ketogenesis is enhanced during a 24-h fast by the gut microbiota. (A) Serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels in GF and CONV-D mice fed a standard CARB diet or after a 24-h fast. ***, P < 0.001; NS, not significant; n = 10 animals per condition. (B) Steady-state β-hydroxybutyrate levels in liver extracts. ***, P < 0.001; n = 6 animals per condition. (C–E) qRT-PCR assays of liver Pparα, Fgf21, and Hmgcs2 mRNA levels that are expressed relative to fed GF controls. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001 (n = 5–10 mice per condition; 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posthoc testing). Note that the difference in Fgf21 mRNA levels observed between GF- and CONV-D-fed animals does not reach statistical significance by ANOVA test.