Fig. 1.

Schematic illustration of trials in Exp. 1. Active and passive movements are followed by a tone after varying intervals. Two shocks are applied early or late within the action-effect interval, or after the tone. a On interval estimation trials participants estimate the interval between keypress and tone. Shock timing is determined by randomly drawing from one of the three staircases of the TD task. b On temporal discrimination trials the interval between the shocks is varied by a staircase procedure. Participants judge whether or not shocks are simultaneous. In Exp. 2 participants made active movements that were not followed by tones and always judged the simultaneity of the shocks