Table 1.

Common viral interference with NK cell receptor ligands.

Virus	Viral immunoevasin	Mode of function	References
Interference with “missing self” axis
HCMV	UL18	Binding to NK cell inhibitory receptor LIR-1	[15]
MCMV	m144	Unknown	[22]
MCMV	m157	Binding to Ly49I	[62]
RCMV	r144	Unknown	[76]
RCMV	RCTL	Binding to inhibitory receptor Nkrp1b	[27*]
Differential regulation of MHC class I
HCMV	US2, US11	Downmodulate HLA-A but spare HLA-E; act differentially on other HLA molecules	[77–79]
HCMV	UL40	UL40 leader peptide loads HLA-E and provides inhibitory signal to NK cells	[28,29]
MCMV	m04/gp34	Binds MHC class I and rescues its expression on the cell surface, possible NK cell decoy	[80,81]
KSHV	K5	Downmodulates HLA-A and HLA-B and weakly HLA-C, but shows no effect on HLA-E	[82]
HIV	Nef	Downmodulates HLA-A and -B	[31]
Interference with ligands for activating NK cell receptors
HCMV	UL16	Downmodulates ULBP-1, -2 and MICB	[38,39]
HCMV	UL141	Downmodulates CD155	[83]
HCMV	UL142	Downmodulates full length MICA	[44*]
HCMV	miR-UL112	Prevents translation of MICB mRNA	[55**]
HCMV	UL83/pp65	Abolishes activation via NKp30 by dissociating adaptor molecule CD3ζ	[74]
MCMV	m138	Viral FcγR, downmodulates MULT-1 and H60, interferes with clathrin-dependent endocytosis	[49**]
MCMV	m145	Downmodulates MULT-1	[23]
MCMV	m152/gp40	Downmodulates RAE-1 family members	[47]
MCMV	m155	Downmodulates H60	[48,50]
KSHV	K5	Induces endocytosis of CD86 and CD54	[32]
Zoonotic orthopoxvirus	OMCP	Competitively binds to NKG2D	[56**]
Other
MCMV	m157	Binds to Ly49H and activates NK cells	[61,62]
MCMV	unknown	Activates Ly49P in context of H-2Dk	[64]
influenza virus	HA	Binds to NKp46	[72]
HCV	E2	Binds to CD81	[84]
HTLV	p12I	Downmodulates ICAM-1 and -2 and reduces NK cell adherence to HTLV-infected CD4+ T cells	[85]