TABLE 2.
Multivariate model predicting high fear of terrorist attacks among NYC residents 2 years after the WTCD (N = 1,681)*
| Variables assessed | N† | % Total | % Highest fear | Unadjusted OR | Unadjusted 95% CI | Unadjusted P | Adjusted OR | Adjusted 95% CI | Adjusted P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||||||
| 18−29 (ref) | 284 | 22.8 | 17.6 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| 30−44 | 596 | 32.6 | 18.8 | 1.1 | 0.7−1.8 | .67 | 1.1 | 0.7−1.8 | .738 |
| 45−64 | 586 | 32.7 | 16.7 | 1.0 | 0.6−1.5 | .84 | 1.2 | 0.7−1.9 | .570 |
| 65+ | 215 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 0.6 | 0.3−1.1 | .08 | 0.9 | 0.5−1.9 | .833 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male (ref) | 693 | 44.3 | 13.6 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Female | 988 | 55.7 | 19.7 | 1.6 | 1.1−2.2 | .01 | 1.4 | 1.0−2.2 | .080 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White (ref) | 782 | 43.3 | 8.7 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| African American | 422 | 25.6 | 19.0 | 2.5 | 1.6−3.8 | <.001 | 1.4 | 0.8−2.3 | .220 |
| Hispanic | 367 | 24.1 | 29.5 | 4.4 | 2.9−6.7 | <.001 | 2.0 | 1.2−3.3 | .006 |
| Asian | 62 | 4.6 | 12.1 | 1.4 | 0.6−3.8 | .44 | 1.4 | 0.5−4.1 | .556 |
| Other | 48 | 2.4 | 22.0 | 3.0 | 1.1−7.7 | .03 | 1.6 | 0.6−3.9 | .330 |
| Education level | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 155 | 8.2 | 43.0 | 8.5 | 5.1−14.4 | <.001 | 4.4 | 2.3−8.6 | <.001 |
| High school graduate | 389 | 27.3 | 25.9 | 4.0 | 2.6−6.0 | <.001 | 3.7 | 2.2−6.1 | <.001 |
| Some college | 362 | 22.7 | 12.6 | 1.6 | 1.0−2.6 | .05 | 1.4 | 0.8−2.3 | .278 |
| College graduate (ref) | 775 | 41.8 | 8.1 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Children at home | |||||||||
| No (ref) | 1,041 | 58.0 | 13.0 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 640 | 42.0 | 22.1 | 1.9 | 1.4−2.6 | <.001 | 1.2 | 0.8−1.8 | .305 |
| Self-esteem | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | 633 | 36.3 | 24.9 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Moderate | 408 | 23.9 | 17.1 | 0.6 | 0.4−0.9 | .03 | 1.2 | 0.7−1.9 | .475 |
| High | 640 | 39.8 | 9.4 | 0.3 | 0.2−0.5 | <.001 | 0.7 | 0.4−1.1 | .116 |
| Social support | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | 596 | 35.5 | 24.2 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Moderate | 659 | 38.1 | 14.4 | 0.5 | 0.4−0.8 | .001 | 0.7 | 0.5−1.1 | .150 |
| High | 429 | 26.4 | 10.5 | 0.4 | 0.2−0.6 | <.001 | 0.7 | 0.4−1.2 | .167 |
| WTCD event exposure | |||||||||
| None/low (ref) | 362 | 26.7 | 12.2 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Moderate | 719 | 44.0 | 17.3 | 1.5 | 0.9−2.4 | .09 | 1.5 | 0.9−2.6 | .123 |
| High | 416 | 21.8 | 18.8 | 1.7 | 1.0−2.8 | .06 | 1.4 | 0.7−2.7 | .301 |
| Very high | 184 | 7.5 | 25.2 | 2.4 | 1.3−4.4 | .03 | 1.6 | 0.7−3.5 | .240 |
| Lifetime traumatic event exposures | |||||||||
| None (ref) | 466 | 33.8 | 17.0 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Low | 400 | 23.5 | 14.4 | 0.8 | 0.5−1.3 | .40 | 1.0 | 0.6−1.8 | .882 |
| Moderate | 484 | 26.8 | 18.1 | 1.1 | 0.7−1.6 | .72 | 1.3 | 0.8−2.2 | .233 |
| High | 331 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 1.1 | 0.7−1.7 | .72 | 1.0 | 0.6−1.9 | .896 |
| Negative life events | |||||||||
| None/low (ref) | 730 | 49.9 | 11.3 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Moderate | 487 | 28.3 | 17.3 | 1.6 | 1.1−2.5 | .02 | 1.4 | 0.8−2.2 | .212 |
| High | 464 | 21.9 | 29.2 | 3.2 | 2.2−4.8 | <.001 | 1.6 | 1.0−2.7 | .048 |
| Perievent panic | |||||||||
| No (ref) | 1,451 | 89.6 | 14.6 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 230 | 10.4 | 36.4 | 3.3 | 2.2−5.0 | <.001 | 1.3 | 0.8−2.2 | .243 |
| PTSD past 2 years | |||||||||
| No (ref) | 1,495 | 92.9 | 14.5 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 186 | 7.1 | 47.6 | 5.4 | 3.5−8.2 | <.001 | 3.1 | 1.7−5.5 | <.001 |
| Fear of death | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | 373 | 24.2 | 11.2 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Moderate | 563 | 34.8 | 8.9 | 0.8 | 0.4−1.3 | .36 | 0.7 | 0.4−1.2 | .221 |
| High | 352 | 21.0 | 16.6 | 1.6 | 0.9−2.7 | .11 | 1.1 | 0.6−2.1 | .648 |
| Very high | 380 | 20.0 | 38.1 | 4.9 | 3.0−7.9 | <.001 | 2.5 | 1.4−4.3 | .002 |
| Likely flee an attack | |||||||||
| No (ref) | 1,079 | 65.7 | 13.9 | 1.0 | . . . | . . . | 1.0 | . . . | . . . |
| Yes | 602 | 34.3 | 22.6 | 1.8 | 1.3−2.5 | <.001 | 1.5 | 1.0−2.2 | .034 |
*
OR indicates odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WTCD, World Trade Center disaster; and ref, reference category.
†
All N's shown represent the unweighted frequencies for categories presented. All other data shown are the results of weighted data using weights to adjust the sample for the number of telephone lines and adults in the household, the treatment oversample, and survey nonresponse.