Table 1.

Causes of iatrogenic pneumothorax according to frequency[11]

Transthoracic needle aspiration or biopsy	24%
Subclavian or jugular vein catherterization	22%
Thoracentesis	20%
Closed pleural biopsy	8%
Mechanical ventialtion	7%
Cardiopulmonary resuscitaion
Nasogastric tube placement
Transbronchial biopsy
Tracheostomy
Liver biopsy
Miscellanseous:
Markedly displaced thoracic spine fracture
Acupuncture has been reported to result in pneumothorax in recent years
Colonoscopy and gastroscopy have been implicated in case reports
Intravenous drug abusers if they choose neck veins