Table 3.
Raw Cognitive Test Scores.*
| Test | Range of Scores† |
At Entry into DCCT (1983–1989) |
At Year 12 of EDIC Study (2005) |
Normative Data | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive Treatment (N=588) |
Conventional Treatment (N=556) |
Intensive Treatment (N=588) |
Conventional Treatment (N=556) |
|||
| Problem solving | ||||||
| Similarities (scaled scores) | 1–19 | 12.6±2.5 | 12.7±2.4 | 14.0±2.2 | 13.9±2.3 | 11.1±2.4 |
| Category test (no. of errors) | 0–208‡ | 37.2±22.6 | 32.7±19.9∫ | 26.3±20.7 | 24.0±19.3 | 32.6±21.8 |
| Learning (no. correct) | ||||||
| Symbol-Digit Learning | 0–28 | 24.1±4.5 | 24.3±4.4 | 24.1±4.5 | 24.1±4.5 | 21.4±6.1 |
| Tactual Performance Memory | 0–10 | 7.4±1.5 | 7.4±1.6 | 7.5±1.5 | 7.6±1.5 | 6.8±1.6 |
| Immediate memory (no. correct) | ||||||
| Visual Reproductions | 0–17 | 14.7±2.1 | 14.6±2.3 | 14.3±2.4 | 14.4±2.2 | 13.0±2.3 |
| Four-Word Short-Term Memory | 0–60 | 40.3±9.1 | 39.6±9.6 | 39.0±10.5 | 39.2±10.4 | 36.6±10.9 |
| Logical Memory | 0–43 | 20.0±5.8 | 19.6±5.5 | 20.0±6.9 | 19.8±5.5 | 16.8±5.8 |
| Digit Symbol | 0–9 | 7.7±1.6 | 7.8±1.5 | 7.5±1.8 | 7.7±1.7 | 7.6±1.7 |
| Delayed recall (no. correct) | ||||||
| Visual Reproductions | 0–17 | 15.5±1.8 | 15.4±1.8 | 14.7±2.2 | 15.0±2.0 | 13.2±2.8 |
| Logical Memory | 0–43 | 16.4±5.5 | 16.2±5.4 | 17.1±6.3 | 17.2±5.8 | 13.0±5.3 |
| Spatial information | ||||||
| Embedded Figures (sec) | 0–60‡ | 7.4±3.3 | 7.1±3.2 | 6.5±3.1 | 6.4±2.9 | 6.3±3.2 |
| Object Assembly (scaled scores) | 1–19 | 12.1±2.9 | 12.2±2.9 | 13.9±2.8 | 14.0±2.7 | 11.2±3.0 |
| Block Design (scaled scores) | 1–19 | 13.0±2.6 | 13.1±2.6 | 14.3±2.6 | 14.2±2.6 | 11.4±2.7 |
| Tactual Peformance Test (min) | 0–30‡ | 10.9±3.8 | 10.8±3.8 | 11.4±4.8 | 11.5±4.6 | 12.1±5.1 |
| Attention | ||||||
| Digit Vigilance (sec)∫ | 0–1000‡ | 368.3±72.5 | 378.3±86.4 | 388.1±88.5 | 397.3±87.5 | 358.8±80.7 |
| Digit Vigilance (no. of errors)∫ | 0–100‡ | 4.5±5.1 | 4.8±5.3 | 7.7±8.3 | 7.8±8.3 | 5.5±8.3 |
| Digit Span (scaled scores) | 1–19 | 11.8±2.9 | 11.8±2.8 | 12.4±2.6 | 12.4±2.9 | 10.8±2.6 |
| Psychomotor and mental efficiency | ||||||
| Verbal Fluency (no. correct) | 0–180 | 42.3±12.4 | 42.9±12.3 | 45.7±13.2 | 45.6±13.1 | 40.9±12.6 |
| Digit Symbol, 90-sec total (no. correct) | 10–90 | 65.1±11.1 | 65.0±11.0 | 62.3±11.4 | 61.9±11.4 | 60.1±12.8 |
| Trail Making, part B (sec) | 0–300‡ | 52.3±16.6 | 52.9±19.9 | 54.4±20.0 | 55.0±18.8 | 57.3±24.7 |
| Grooved Pegboard, dominant hand (sec) | 0–300‡ | 65.6±9.8 | 65.9±9.6 | 72.3±17.3 | 73.8±16.1 | 66.6±12.2 |
| Grooved Pegboard, nondominant hand (sec) | 0–300‡ | 70.2±12.3 | 70.0±11.0 | 79.0±18.6 | 80.5±20.0 | 71.4±14.5 |
| Motor speed | ||||||
| Finger Tapping, dominant hand (no. of taps in 10 sec) | 0–80 | 48.7±6.5 | 48.7±7.0 | 50.6±7.3 | 50.6±7.7 | 50.8±5.9 |
| Finger Tapping, nondominant hand (no. of taps in 10 sec) | 0–80 | 44.6±6.0 | 44.7±6.1 | 45.3±6.7 | 44.6±6.9 | 45.2±6.0 |
*
Plus-minus values are means ±SD. Normative data are based on approximately 175 adults without diabetes who were tested with the same test battery in the mid-to-late 1980s at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
†
Higher scores indicate better performance, except where noted.
‡
Higher scores indicate poorer performance.
∫
P<0.01 by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing conventional and intensive treatment.